Mixed Ability Grouping

Blended ABILITY GROUPING Ana Redondo I/INTRODUCTION: The principle reason for this module is to present to you some broad confirmations of various explores about strategy for blended capacity gathering versus different types of sorting out students in MFL educating and learning point of view. II/CONTENT 1/Political setting (in England and Wales) * 1944 the instructive framework in Britain gushed into diferent kinds of optional schools, understudy with unique instructive needs being taught in extraordinary school. Since 1980s focal government separate the Local Education Authorities by presenting Local Management of School * 1991-1993, chidren with a specialized curriculum needs into standard school, tuition based school: 20-25%, conprehensive school being slant. * Throughout 1990, setting had end up being successful in numerous optional schools for arithmetic, science and language. Understudies gathering are cosidered under such weights: Student’s accomplishments (assessment r esults), strategy and society, nearby needs and parental decision. /Mixed capacity gathering * In the title clerly shows: ‘Mixed capacity grouping’ additionally allude to a gathering wherein offspring of shifted capacity are shown together instead of being separate. * - No gathering of students is ever homogeneous. Contrasts in regions: capacity, sexual orientation, self-idea, self-estem, ethnic foundation. a. Preferences of Mixed abilitiy gathering * Mixed capacity gathering gives all understudies fairness of chance and decreases the negative outcomes regularly partner with homogeneous gathering. It keeps away from the issues related with dispensing students to homogenous gatherings. * It advances a decent connection among students, among instructors and understudies. * Reduce rivalry and the naming of understudies. * Low capacity students are bolstered more advantage. b. Detriments of blended capacity gathering * It is difficult to guarantee that higher capacity Ss ar e extended adequately. * The gathering the necessities of high and low capacity students can bring about disappointment. Educators should be touchy to mindful the distinctions of so as to set fitting work, expand learning results and evade clashes among instructing and learning. * Mixed capacity gathering sets unreasonable expectations for educators' instructive aptitudes. * most of the class is frequently inadequately administered. Blended capacity gathering present specific troubles in MFL. 3/Other types of organisind pupilss †MFL instructing and learning point of view * Students have various insights, there for, some are greater at specific things than others. Homogeneous groupings are probably going to alow educators a more prominent chance to meet the individual’s needs of understudies. * Homogeneous gatherings of students can accomplish all the more productively in MFL. * Homogeneity of showing bunches when classes share a more prominent likeness of learning charac teristics and trademark, permits the techer to complete their showing all the more successfully. * It is hard to dispense understudies to the fitting gathering, no shame is joined. Both ‘mixed capacity grouping’ and ‘ability grouping’ have focal points and disavantages.III/CONCLUSIONS * I propose here to consider ‘homogeneous groups’ and ‘within - class groups’ as sober-mindedly achievable alternatives. Situated gathering work, collarborative venture work, co-coperative learning, adaptable learning, task-based learning or merry go round work would all be able to be applied in different various manners to guarantee scholastic and social learning. (Ana Redondo) * The gathering of student is just one of a few elements influencing the learning condition of the study hall. The nature of guidance and the educational program are focal. (Halam, 1996:2)

Mystic Monk Coffee Essay

1. Has Father Daniel Mary set up a future bearing for the Carmelite Monks of Wyoming? What is his vision for the cloister? What is his vision for Mystic Monk Coffee? What is the crucial the Carmelite Monks of Wyoming? Father Daniel Mary Has Established a future course for the Carmelite Monks of Wyoming. His vision for the religious community is to change their little fellowship of 13 living in a little home utilized as a temporary parsonage into a 500-section of land cloister. His vision to obtain the Irma Lake Ranch for them to give housing to 30 priests, have a retreat place for lay guests, manufacture a Gothic church, have a religious circle for Carmelite Nuns, and a seclusion. Father Daniel Mary’s vision for Mystic Monk Coffee is to limit the impact of sheltered ascetic requirements and for it to be a more grounded wellspring of pay for the priests to procure the Irma Lake Ranch. The Mission of the Carmelite priests of Wyoming is to have the option to build the quantity of priests to 30 who will experience their lives in the cloister who comprehends the truth of the pledges of dutifulness, modesty, and destitution and the penances related with carrying on with a secluded strict life. 2. Does it create the impression that Father Daniel Mary has set unequivocal destinations and execution focuses for accomplishing his vision? Father Daniel Mary has not set distinct goals and execution focuses to accomplish his vision. He and the priests have just made advances augmenting the scope of Mystic Monk Coffee yet it isn't sufficient to help the vision of securing Irma Lake Ranch. They need to set up explicit projects to truly extend the compass of Mystic Monk Coffee to have more customers, along these lines expanding benefit. Through this, they become all the more closer in accomplishing their vision of changing their current home to the â€Å"New Mount Carmel†. 3. What is Father Prior’s technique for accomplishing his vision? What upper hand may Mystic Monk Coffee’s technique produce? In accomplishing his vision, Father Prior look for the assistance of Carmelite Supporters in meaning to construct a network for God. In doing as such, his upper hand is having his Catholic supporters his objective market careful expression of the mouth and through their site. With its intrigue to its supporters in utilizing â€Å"use their Catholic espresso dollar for Christ and his catholic church†, it urges their supporter to help the reason as well as make them consider it to be a method of providing for Christ. 4. Is Mystic Monk Coffee’s procedure a cash producer? What is MMC’s plan of action? What is your evaluation of Mystic Monk Coffee’s client incentive? its benefit equation? its assets that empower it to make and convey an incentive to clients? Spiritualist Monk’s Coffee technique is a cash creator. With the given review of the espresso business in excess of 150 million individuals devour espresso in the United States alone. Since 89% like to mix their espressos than buy prepared to-drink espresso. With a 11% net benefit rate the espresso business will doubtlessly increment after some time. Spiritualist Monk Coffee plan of action is to build their creation by buying a bigger roaster for their developing interest and offering discount espresso to nearby houses of worship and coffeehouses. Spiritualist Monks Coffee has great items that empower them to have an effective client offer. Offering great reasonable exchange Arabica beans that delivers an assortment of flavors to their clients, they give their clients better alternatives and a chance to their common site administrators commissions on its deals through its Mystic Monk Coffee Affiliate Program that put web pennant advertisements and content promotions on taking an interest sites and give them 18% commission. Taking everything into account their assets and plans not just empower them to make and convey the worth that their clients merit yet it is additionally a methods for the Carmelites to help their locale and their causes from the outside world. 5. Does the methodology qualify as a triumphant procedure? Why or why not? The methodology can't be considered as a triumphant technique. The espresso business has been developing for as long as seven years, and with Mystic Monk’s comparableâ prices of espresso packs to the retail costs, Mystic Monk’s espresso can exploit this situation to procure more benefits to have the option to grow their market and at last their business and gain the land. Spiritualist Monk likewise utilized an ease publicizing procedure where their espressos advanced through informal exchange among their dependable clients and Catholic supporters and the utilization of their site, anyway they are just catching the Catholic populace. With their arranged procurement of a roaster with a bigger limit, Mystic Monk will have the option to create more espresso once request later on increments, henceforth the requirement for an increasingly proficient market infiltration. 6. What proposals would you make to Father Daniel Mary as far as making and executing methodology for the monastery’s espresso tasks? Are changed required its drawn out way? its goals? its technique? its way to deal with system execution? Clarify. We prescribe Father Daniel Mary to extend the range of their item. Aside from their forceful on the web, phone , church and neighborhood café deals, they should exploit providing the espresso to cafés, shopping centers, markets and bazaars. They could likewise set up a store in the cloister where individuals frequently proceed to can promptly buy the espresso. Taking into account that the Catholic populace is the biggest in the US, they can build up a gathering of individuals who are happy to chip in and sell the espresso over the US. Through this, their conviction is shared to the volunteers. In addition, since it was referenced that the greater part of their time is spent on petition or morning and Vesper administrations which restrains the creation time, they can employ help and furthermore veil for volunteers who can substitute them during these occasions for a progressively proficient creation of espresso.

Should You and Your Spouse Keep Your Finances Separate

Should You and Your Spouse Keep Your Finances Separate Should You and Your Spouse Keep Your Finances Separate? Should You and Your Spouse Keep Your Finances Separate?Theres no one-size-fits-all approach to managing money in a marriage, but there are some best practices you can follow no matter what.Even the best marriages are going to have disagreements. Unless you’re planning to marry yourselfâ€"and we don’t yet have the technology capable of doing thatâ€"there are going to be some conflicts that will have to be navigated.And any conflict becomes more difficult to manage when there’s money on the line. And there’s almost always money on the line in some way.“First and foremost, note that opposites attract, and this also applies to money,” financial coach and author  Karen Ford told us. “If you’re a saver, then most likely your mate is a spender. If you’re a spender, then they are more than likely a saver. Being opposites in this is ok, as long as you recognize the difference and the challenges.”But recognizing the differences is the easy part. The challenge is overcoming them. And one of the most fundamental finance questions you’ll have to decide with your spouse is whether you’re going to keep those aforementioned finances separate.Unfortunately, theres no right Different experts have different opinions for different couples about whether and how you should keep your finances separate. Let’s see what they have to say! Consider imposing dollar limits.You probably spend a large portion of your time, if not most of it, with your spouse. That means you’re going to be making a lot of purchases together. Even when you aren’t together, your spouse probably has a pretty good sense of what you’re spending money onâ€"minus the surprise party you’re planning. Don’t worry, we won’t tell!So it certainly makes sense on some level, at least, to merge your finances.“For some couples, combining everything into one account will work well,” advised Derek Hagen, founder of  Hagen Financial. “Its easier to have just one account and they are abl e to jointly manage their finances.To help manage their joint finances, they may implement a dollar limit on purchases. For example, if its $100, then they can spend whatever they want, with no explanation necessary, if the transaction is less than $100. The flip side is that all transactions over $100 require a conversation.”Symbolism matters.Beyond the convenience, other contributors highlighted how joining your finances can be seen as a symbolic move echoing how your lives are being joined together.“The best case with married couples is to put your money together,” Ford suggested. “You entered into marriage knowing you want to go through life together and this applies to finances. Discuss your spending and savings goals. Prepare for vacations, big purchases, investments etc.”Raffi Bilek, a  couples counselor and the director of the  Baltimore Therapy Center (@ThingsCanBeDiff), offered his own take on the value of merging finances:“Joining finances with your spouse is an important part of building a life together. A marriage is not a business arrangement in which both parties are trying to maximize their own benefit. It is a relationship built on trust and mutuality.Coming together as a team is what its all about, whether in finances, parenting, or any other aspect of life. Sharing expenses, instead of counting whos paying for what, is a meaningful part of that. Its hard to feel like youre on the same team when you feel like there is ‘my money’ and ‘your money.’”In order to coordinate, you must communicate.Of course, there are financial decisions to make beyond spending. It’s a good idea to be on the same page about your long-term, overall finance goals.“It’s perfectly OK for couples to have different risk tolerances and investment portfolios, such as one spouse being an aggressive investor while the other is moderate,” assured Larry Solomon, client advisor at Mercer Advisors (@MercerAdvisors).“However, for planning purposes f or big picture goals, like retirement, college planning for kids, buying a house,  insurance decisions, etc. it’s important that both spouses embrace a coordinated and holistic approach and evaluate their combined finances in establishing and prioritizing major goals.“In retirement, for example, we can assume they will also be living together and sharing common lifestyle expenses even if one of them is still working and this would be impossible if they have completely separate plans and pools of resources to draw on. Having totally separate plans and retirement assets would be a recipe for discord, disaster, and probably divorce.Furthermore, when it comes to retirement planning for couples, one spouses decisions often have a dramatic impact on the other spouse’s financial choices.For example, to maximize cumulative Social Security benefits over both spouses’ lifetimes, the best approaches might involve one spouse starting Social Security at normal retirement age while the o ther one delays it to allow their benefits to grow.These Social Security claiming strategies, which can achieve thousands of additional benefit dollars for married couples, cannot be implemented without cooperation and joint planning.“Other decisions, like whether a couple will hold assets in a trust or how to save for each child’s college, also requires planning and consent from both partners.I can go on with many more examples and insights, but the bottom line is that like most other things for couples, successful financial planning involves collaboration, cooperation, and compromise from both partners. Couples can have different portfolios and investment profiles, but need to share common goals and have a coordinated plan to achieve them.”So are joint finances definitely the way to go? As the opening paragraphs of this very article made clear, that is not necessarily the case!Spare yourself from money fights.Some of the experts we talked to were much less enthusiastic about the idea of merging finances completely.“When a couple admits to keeping their finances separate, even if its partially, theyre usually met with quizzical or worried looks,” explained Marie Oates, a partner at The Hive Law, Atlanta Divorce Attorneys. “Some people immediately assume that theres something wrong with the marriage; however, this can be one of the best ways to save your marriage.“Money-related fights are one of the biggest reasons we have divorce clients. Since people are uncomfortable talking about money and they already know that money can cause disputes, they think that not talking about it will fix their issues.“Instead, keep your money separate. Its not some sign that you two dont trust one another; instead, its more of a show of respect. My husband and I keep our money mostly separated so that neither of us feels ashamed or guilty for spending money on something we want.When he wants new woodworking equipment, it comes from his account. That is money I d o not see, so I do not miss it. Its also money that he worked for. And when I wanted a new Garmin watch, it was taken from my own, separate account.“As for a shared account, most people make that the default ‘bills’ account. The things that keep the household running: mortgage, electricity, car payments. The fun stuff. Each of us fund this account, but in proportion to what we make. Since I make more money than my husband, I put more money into the joint account than he does.”Open a joint account for joint expenses.Money Elevation Coach Roslyn Lash (@RosLash) felt similarly: “Each spouse should have their personal accounts. This money is theirs to save or spend however they choose. There should also be a ‘household’ account. This account will be used solely for household expenses.“The decision then becomes ‘how much should each person contribute?.’ This becomes especially difficult if one partner makes significantly more than the other. Splitting the bills 50/50 would be disproportionate and unfair.The only fair way to divide the bills is based on each partners percentage of income. The total household income and the amount of the total household bills would be used to determine each persons contribution.For example, lets say that one person (A) earns $4,500 monthly, and their partner (B) earns $3,500, for a total household income of $8,000. Their total household bills are $5,000 monthly.Therefore, you would calculate Person As percentage by dividing the individuals income by the total income ($4,500/$8,000) which will result in 56 percent.  Person B would be responsible for the difference of 44 percent (100 percent 56 percent). Person A would pay $2,800 ($5,000 x .5), and Person B would pay $2,200 ($5,000 x .44).”Different strokes.Most of the experts who offered reasons and methods to merge your finances in the previous section also acknowledged that separate finances might be a better arrangement for some couples.“For others, keepin g two sets of accounts works,” Hagen told us, expanding on his earlier suggestions. “Each persons paycheck goes into his or her account and all personal expenses come out of the respective account. They may even have a joint account set up for joint expenses, like bills, and each transfers half of each bill into the joint account.”But there’s no reason to assume there’s going to be a one-size-fits-all (or even a two-size-fits-all) approach to managing married finances.The one thing all of our experts agreed on is that no two married couples are the same, and therefore there isn’t any single method guaranteed to lead to a marriage as perfect as [INSERT CELEBRITY COUPLE WHO WILL PROBABLY BE BROKEN UP BY THE TIME THIS ARTICLE IS PUBLISHED].Why not try both?As you probably noticed, even the experts who lean more towards one side or the other still tend to recommend some sort of mix. Those who suggest blending finances often advise still having some money each spouse controls at their discretion. Those who suggest keeping finances separate still recommend having a joint account to use for shared bills and similar expenses.“In the middle of those two, is a third method,” offered Hagen. “With this, most everything is handled in joint accounts, but there are two individual spending accounts. Similar to having a transaction limit, the couple decides how much will get transferred from the joint account into the individual accounts. For example, if its $100 per month into each account, then each partner gets to use that account however he or she wants.”Making a marriage work isn’t always easy. But if you’re open and willing to talk about issues like finances, your relationship will be stronger for it.  To learn more about managing your finances, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:The (Comprehensive) Couple’s Guide To Budgeting8 Good Habits to Get Your Financesâ€"and Your Lifeâ€"on TrackFrom Budget to Baller: 6 Tips to Grow Your Money8 Ways To Save Money Today, Tomorrow and Every Day AfterDo you have a personal finance question youd like us to answer?  Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsRaffi Bilek is a couple’s counselor and director of the  Baltimore Therapy Center (@ThingsCanBeDiff).Karen Ford is a Master Financial Coach, Public Speaker, Entrepreneur, and Best- Selling Author. Her #1 Amazon Best Selling Book “Money Matters” is a discovery for many.  In “Money Matters” she provides keys to demolishing debt, shares how to budget correctly, and gives principles in wealth building.Derek Hagen  is the founder of  Hagen Financial, LLC, a financial coaching and counseling firm that helps clients develop a healthy relationship with money and find the motivation to change their behavior. He is the founder of the Money Health blog which  helps readers increase their financial health. Derek holds the Certified Financial Planner and Chartered Financial Analyst designations. In his free time, he enjoys all things outdoors, especially camping, hiking, and running.Roslyn Lash  (@RosLash), the  Money Elevation Coach, is an Accredited Financial Counselor?, Real Estate Investor, and the Author of The 7 Fruits of Budgeting. She works virtually with single women helping them to gain clarity around their finances, reduce debt, and increase their net worth so that they can live a more abundant life. Her advice has been featured in national publications such as USA Today, Forbes, TIME, Huffington Post, Los Angeles Times, and a host of other media outlets.Marie Oates is a partner at  The Hive Law where she focuses on Atlanta divorce cases and estate planning. She prides herself on making legal assistance affordable, accessible, and all around less scary. And in her free time, shes chasing her toddlers and cuddling with her cats.Larry Solomon is a Client Advisor for  Mercer Advisors (@MercerAdvisors) in Washington DC. He passionate about inves ting, financial planning, and delivering integrated financial, tax, legal, and risk management advice to make client’s lives better.  Prior to Mercer, he worked as the Director of Financial Planning and Investments at OptiFour Integrated Wealth Management, where he led the firm’s financial planning and investment analysis efforts. Larry is a published author and frequently contributes to articles on financial planning and investing topics in publications such as The Wall Street Journal, Financial Times, US News, The Street.com, Bankrate.com, and others. For more information, contact him at  lawrence.solomon@merceradvisors.com.

Should You and Your Spouse Keep Your Finances Separate

Should You and Your Spouse Keep Your Finances Separate Should You and Your Spouse Keep Your Finances Separate? Should You and Your Spouse Keep Your Finances Separate?Theres no one-size-fits-all approach to managing money in a marriage, but there are some best practices you can follow no matter what.Even the best marriages are going to have disagreements. Unless you’re planning to marry yourselfâ€"and we don’t yet have the technology capable of doing thatâ€"there are going to be some conflicts that will have to be navigated.And any conflict becomes more difficult to manage when there’s money on the line. And there’s almost always money on the line in some way.“First and foremost, note that opposites attract, and this also applies to money,” financial coach and author  Karen Ford told us. “If you’re a saver, then most likely your mate is a spender. If you’re a spender, then they are more than likely a saver. Being opposites in this is ok, as long as you recognize the difference and the challenges.”But recognizing the differences is the easy part. The challenge is overcoming them. And one of the most fundamental finance questions you’ll have to decide with your spouse is whether you’re going to keep those aforementioned finances separate.Unfortunately, theres no right Different experts have different opinions for different couples about whether and how you should keep your finances separate. Let’s see what they have to say! Consider imposing dollar limits.You probably spend a large portion of your time, if not most of it, with your spouse. That means you’re going to be making a lot of purchases together. Even when you aren’t together, your spouse probably has a pretty good sense of what you’re spending money onâ€"minus the surprise party you’re planning. Don’t worry, we won’t tell!So it certainly makes sense on some level, at least, to merge your finances.“For some couples, combining everything into one account will work well,” advised Derek Hagen, founder of  Hagen Financial. “Its easier to have just one account and they are abl e to jointly manage their finances.To help manage their joint finances, they may implement a dollar limit on purchases. For example, if its $100, then they can spend whatever they want, with no explanation necessary, if the transaction is less than $100. The flip side is that all transactions over $100 require a conversation.”Symbolism matters.Beyond the convenience, other contributors highlighted how joining your finances can be seen as a symbolic move echoing how your lives are being joined together.“The best case with married couples is to put your money together,” Ford suggested. “You entered into marriage knowing you want to go through life together and this applies to finances. Discuss your spending and savings goals. Prepare for vacations, big purchases, investments etc.”Raffi Bilek, a  couples counselor and the director of the  Baltimore Therapy Center (@ThingsCanBeDiff), offered his own take on the value of merging finances:“Joining finances with your spouse is an important part of building a life together. A marriage is not a business arrangement in which both parties are trying to maximize their own benefit. It is a relationship built on trust and mutuality.Coming together as a team is what its all about, whether in finances, parenting, or any other aspect of life. Sharing expenses, instead of counting whos paying for what, is a meaningful part of that. Its hard to feel like youre on the same team when you feel like there is ‘my money’ and ‘your money.’”In order to coordinate, you must communicate.Of course, there are financial decisions to make beyond spending. It’s a good idea to be on the same page about your long-term, overall finance goals.“It’s perfectly OK for couples to have different risk tolerances and investment portfolios, such as one spouse being an aggressive investor while the other is moderate,” assured Larry Solomon, client advisor at Mercer Advisors (@MercerAdvisors).“However, for planning purposes f or big picture goals, like retirement, college planning for kids, buying a house,  insurance decisions, etc. it’s important that both spouses embrace a coordinated and holistic approach and evaluate their combined finances in establishing and prioritizing major goals.“In retirement, for example, we can assume they will also be living together and sharing common lifestyle expenses even if one of them is still working and this would be impossible if they have completely separate plans and pools of resources to draw on. Having totally separate plans and retirement assets would be a recipe for discord, disaster, and probably divorce.Furthermore, when it comes to retirement planning for couples, one spouses decisions often have a dramatic impact on the other spouse’s financial choices.For example, to maximize cumulative Social Security benefits over both spouses’ lifetimes, the best approaches might involve one spouse starting Social Security at normal retirement age while the o ther one delays it to allow their benefits to grow.These Social Security claiming strategies, which can achieve thousands of additional benefit dollars for married couples, cannot be implemented without cooperation and joint planning.“Other decisions, like whether a couple will hold assets in a trust or how to save for each child’s college, also requires planning and consent from both partners.I can go on with many more examples and insights, but the bottom line is that like most other things for couples, successful financial planning involves collaboration, cooperation, and compromise from both partners. Couples can have different portfolios and investment profiles, but need to share common goals and have a coordinated plan to achieve them.”So are joint finances definitely the way to go? As the opening paragraphs of this very article made clear, that is not necessarily the case!Spare yourself from money fights.Some of the experts we talked to were much less enthusiastic about the idea of merging finances completely.“When a couple admits to keeping their finances separate, even if its partially, theyre usually met with quizzical or worried looks,” explained Marie Oates, a partner at The Hive Law, Atlanta Divorce Attorneys. “Some people immediately assume that theres something wrong with the marriage; however, this can be one of the best ways to save your marriage.“Money-related fights are one of the biggest reasons we have divorce clients. Since people are uncomfortable talking about money and they already know that money can cause disputes, they think that not talking about it will fix their issues.“Instead, keep your money separate. Its not some sign that you two dont trust one another; instead, its more of a show of respect. My husband and I keep our money mostly separated so that neither of us feels ashamed or guilty for spending money on something we want.When he wants new woodworking equipment, it comes from his account. That is money I d o not see, so I do not miss it. Its also money that he worked for. And when I wanted a new Garmin watch, it was taken from my own, separate account.“As for a shared account, most people make that the default ‘bills’ account. The things that keep the household running: mortgage, electricity, car payments. The fun stuff. Each of us fund this account, but in proportion to what we make. Since I make more money than my husband, I put more money into the joint account than he does.”Open a joint account for joint expenses.Money Elevation Coach Roslyn Lash (@RosLash) felt similarly: “Each spouse should have their personal accounts. This money is theirs to save or spend however they choose. There should also be a ‘household’ account. This account will be used solely for household expenses.“The decision then becomes ‘how much should each person contribute?.’ This becomes especially difficult if one partner makes significantly more than the other. Splitting the bills 50/50 would be disproportionate and unfair.The only fair way to divide the bills is based on each partners percentage of income. The total household income and the amount of the total household bills would be used to determine each persons contribution.For example, lets say that one person (A) earns $4,500 monthly, and their partner (B) earns $3,500, for a total household income of $8,000. Their total household bills are $5,000 monthly.Therefore, you would calculate Person As percentage by dividing the individuals income by the total income ($4,500/$8,000) which will result in 56 percent.  Person B would be responsible for the difference of 44 percent (100 percent 56 percent). Person A would pay $2,800 ($5,000 x .5), and Person B would pay $2,200 ($5,000 x .44).”Different strokes.Most of the experts who offered reasons and methods to merge your finances in the previous section also acknowledged that separate finances might be a better arrangement for some couples.“For others, keepin g two sets of accounts works,” Hagen told us, expanding on his earlier suggestions. “Each persons paycheck goes into his or her account and all personal expenses come out of the respective account. They may even have a joint account set up for joint expenses, like bills, and each transfers half of each bill into the joint account.”But there’s no reason to assume there’s going to be a one-size-fits-all (or even a two-size-fits-all) approach to managing married finances.The one thing all of our experts agreed on is that no two married couples are the same, and therefore there isn’t any single method guaranteed to lead to a marriage as perfect as [INSERT CELEBRITY COUPLE WHO WILL PROBABLY BE BROKEN UP BY THE TIME THIS ARTICLE IS PUBLISHED].Why not try both?As you probably noticed, even the experts who lean more towards one side or the other still tend to recommend some sort of mix. Those who suggest blending finances often advise still having some money each spouse controls at their discretion. Those who suggest keeping finances separate still recommend having a joint account to use for shared bills and similar expenses.“In the middle of those two, is a third method,” offered Hagen. “With this, most everything is handled in joint accounts, but there are two individual spending accounts. Similar to having a transaction limit, the couple decides how much will get transferred from the joint account into the individual accounts. For example, if its $100 per month into each account, then each partner gets to use that account however he or she wants.”Making a marriage work isn’t always easy. But if you’re open and willing to talk about issues like finances, your relationship will be stronger for it.  To learn more about managing your finances, check out these related posts and articles from OppLoans:The (Comprehensive) Couple’s Guide To Budgeting8 Good Habits to Get Your Financesâ€"and Your Lifeâ€"on TrackFrom Budget to Baller: 6 Tips to Grow Your Money8 Ways To Save Money Today, Tomorrow and Every Day AfterDo you have a personal finance question youd like us to answer?  Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsRaffi Bilek is a couple’s counselor and director of the  Baltimore Therapy Center (@ThingsCanBeDiff).Karen Ford is a Master Financial Coach, Public Speaker, Entrepreneur, and Best- Selling Author. Her #1 Amazon Best Selling Book “Money Matters” is a discovery for many.  In “Money Matters” she provides keys to demolishing debt, shares how to budget correctly, and gives principles in wealth building.Derek Hagen  is the founder of  Hagen Financial, LLC, a financial coaching and counseling firm that helps clients develop a healthy relationship with money and find the motivation to change their behavior. He is the founder of the Money Health blog which  helps readers increase their financial health. Derek holds the Certified Financial Planner and Chartered Financial Analyst designations. In his free time, he enjoys all things outdoors, especially camping, hiking, and running.Roslyn Lash  (@RosLash), the  Money Elevation Coach, is an Accredited Financial Counselor?, Real Estate Investor, and the Author of The 7 Fruits of Budgeting. She works virtually with single women helping them to gain clarity around their finances, reduce debt, and increase their net worth so that they can live a more abundant life. Her advice has been featured in national publications such as USA Today, Forbes, TIME, Huffington Post, Los Angeles Times, and a host of other media outlets.Marie Oates is a partner at  The Hive Law where she focuses on Atlanta divorce cases and estate planning. She prides herself on making legal assistance affordable, accessible, and all around less scary. And in her free time, shes chasing her toddlers and cuddling with her cats.Larry Solomon is a Client Advisor for  Mercer Advisors (@MercerAdvisors) in Washington DC. He passionate about inves ting, financial planning, and delivering integrated financial, tax, legal, and risk management advice to make client’s lives better.  Prior to Mercer, he worked as the Director of Financial Planning and Investments at OptiFour Integrated Wealth Management, where he led the firm’s financial planning and investment analysis efforts. Larry is a published author and frequently contributes to articles on financial planning and investing topics in publications such as The Wall Street Journal, Financial Times, US News, The Street.com, Bankrate.com, and others. For more information, contact him at  lawrence.solomon@merceradvisors.com.

Eugenics A Controversial Science Essay examples - 1160 Words

Eugenics has been a very controversial science that has existed in the world for centuries. Eugenics is defined as â€Å"the study of or belief in the possibility of improving the qualities of the human species or a human population by such means as discouraging reproduction by persons having genetic defects or presumed to have inheritable undesirable traits (negative eugenics) or encouraging reproduction by persons presumed to have inheritable desirable traits (positive eugenics)(Dictionary.com, 2005).† Its base came from the idea that the human race could be â€Å"perfected† by getting rid of its undesirable traits and the desirable ones could be multiplied. Physical appearance, IQ, and social capacity could be controlled in humans just as†¦show more content†¦When Adolf Hitler learned of the theory of eugenics, he took Darwin’s phrase â€Å"survival of the fittest† to a completely new level. Hitler, and many other people of that time, took the term â€Å"survival of the fittest† and defined â€Å"the fittest† as the strongest, smartest and most cunning individuals of a species. Through Darwin’s evolutionary theory, â€Å"the fittest† refers to the individuals that have the combination of traits to allow them to survive and produce more offspring in their particular environment. This may not be the strongest, smartest or most cunning individual. In fact it may be the weakest, smallest, least intelligent being, but it po ssesses the best combination of traits and characteristics for it and its offspring to flourish in a particular environment (O’Neil, 2010). Nazi Germany took Darwin’s â€Å"survival of the fittest† phrase in a literal sense and stated that one of their main goals was to apply this â€Å"accepted science† to society. The Nazis became well-known for engineering eugenics programs which would maintain and protect their â€Å"pure† and â€Å"perfect† German race. These programs were justified by the Nazis as â€Å"racial hygiene (Holocaust Encyclopedia, 2010).† The German Nazis, also referred to as the Aryan race, felt that their evolutionary superiority gave them not only the right, but the duty and responsibility to overthrow all other races. HitlerShow MoreRelatedThe Science Of Eugenics Movement1423 Words   |  6 PagesThe science of eugenics was widely used during the 20th century in the United States to strategically eliminate the reproductive rights of women who were deemed inferior on the social ladder (â€Å"What is Eugenics?†). Some women of color, women with disabilities, and women from lower financial classes were sterilized for permanent birth control, and sometimes without their consent or knowledge (â€Å"What is Eugenics?†). The eugenics movement was aimed to promote selective human features in order to increaseRead MoreGenetic Modification Is The New Eugenics1441 Words   |  6 PagesGenetic Modification is the New Eugenics The science of eugenics was widely used during the 20th century in the United States to strategically eliminate the reproductive rights of women who were deemed inferior on the social ladder (â€Å"What is Eugenics?†). Some women of color, women with disabilities, and women from lower financial classes were sterilized for permanent birth control, and sometimes without their consent or knowledge (â€Å"What is Eugenics?†). The eugenics movement was aimed to promote selectiveRead MoreEugenics -Not the Way of the Future Essay721 Words   |  3 PagesEugenics in the world today has become an issue because of its many positive uses furthermore its possible consequences. It is believed by many that eugenics does more harm than good, on the other hand there are exceptions; it is not the way of the future. There is no doubt that it could be extremely useful for preventing diseases such as cancer and others before we are even born. But, with this also comes the ability to give children genes before their born that will give them talent to run fasterRead MoreEssay on Eugenics1060 Words   |  5 Pages The roots of eugenics can be traced back to Britain in the early 1880’s when Sir Francis Galton generated the term from the Greek word for â€Å"well-born†. He defined eugenics as the science of improving stock, whether human or animal. According to the American Eugenics Movement, today’s study of eugenics has many similarities to studies done in the early 20th century. Back then, â€Å"Eugenics was, quite literally, an effort to breed better human beings – by encouraging the reproduction of people with quot;goodquot;Read MoreThe Controversy Of Eugenics And Genetic Engineering1632 Words   |  7 Pagesin the science of genetics. In that time, there have been some subjects that have been highly controversial: eugenics and genetic engineering. The history of these topics is colored with ethical and moral quandaries that have been topics for fierce debates since the early 1900s, and they continue to this day. Eugenics was defined by Francis Galton as â€Å"the science which deals with all influences that improve the inborn qualities of a race† (Galton 1). To put it in different terms, eugenics is aboutRead MoreSale - Pro Plans Are 20% Off Today View Plans. Gradeproof1164 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Any tampering with DNA, any splice, can lead to unforeseeable and even drastic consequences,† (cite). The ethics of Genetic Engineering is controversial both within the scientific community and within society (cite). When scientists in China experimented with editing the genes of an embryo, a meeting was immediately organized by the National Academy of Sciences to debate the ethics of this experiment (cite). Many of the ethical concerns of Genetic Engineering are due to fears of it being used forRead MoreEugenics Is The Idea Of Eugenics1714 Words   |  7 Pagesto eliminate undesired traits and disease? Eugenics is the idea that future generations can be improved through the selection of desirable characteristics. Some find eugenics to be taboo and artificial. Others find it to be the key to improving the gene pool of the human population (â€Å"Sir Francis Galton†). By learning more about the origin, use, and effects of eugenics, one can better speculate on its place in society today. The origin of eugenics goes back to ancient times. People have consistentlyRead MoreAn Evaluation Of The Economic Benefits And Ethical Issues Of Population Control1474 Words   |  6 PagesWorking Title Population control: an evaluation of the economic benefits and ethical issues of population control through the use of eugenics Background The topic of population has been prevalent in the study of economics but particularly since Thomas Malthus published his book ‘Essay on the Principle of Population’ (1798). Malthus was the first economist to propose a systematic theory of population. Malthus proposed in his book that humans grow exponentially whereas the food supply grows atRead MoreArticle Abstracts: Concept of Nazism1283 Words   |  5 Pagesmovement rather than a truly controlling one at the outset, the author concludes. Paul, D. (1984). Eugenics and the left. Journal of the History of Ideas 45(4): 567-90. Examining the concept of eugenics modifying the genetic disposition of a population and of individual offspring through a variety of means as a political and sociological practice, this author points out how directly the motives for eugenics can be and in fact were supplied by socialist and communist perspectives, and were not merelyRead MoreThe Social Construction Of Deviance And Eugenics1542 Words   |  7 Pages GEISY COBAS SOCIOLOGY 443 ANALYSIS PAPER THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF DEVIANCE AND EUGENICS â€Æ' ABSTRACT In this paper I will be analyzing the social construct of deviance and the topic of Eugenics theoretically, and how this practice transitioned from being deviant back in the early 20th century to a modern technology that can be used to help parents have healthy children. I will use different scholarly sources to compare and review different positions in the theories used as they relate to

Essay about French Feminism - 1679 Words

Feminism -- it is a term that inspires a spectrum of emotions that range from undying passion to unabashed disgust. The first time that I gave serious thought to where my heart stood on this spectrum was in a Womens Studies course during my freshman year of college. In my mind was the American stereotype of a feminist: a bra-burning, man-hating, and somewhat-hairy old maid. As a self-proclaimed, loudmouth liberal that despises patriarchy and other forms of gender discrimination, I wanted to call myself a feminist, but I could not align myself with that unfeminine stereotype. Being a collector of high heels, lover of men, and an abuser of feminine guile, I felt as though claiming to be a feminist would be in turn proving to be a†¦show more content†¦The unleashing of the female sex into the active politics of modern France occurred in 1945 under the Liberation Government led by Charles de Gaulle (Ardagh 599). Before this year, which is relatively recent in relation to Frances age, women were not only absent from office, but simply did not even have the right to vote (Ardagh 599). Only since then have women been legally considered full citizens with equality to men (Sineau 113). The initial progress was hopeful with 30 women elected to the National Assembly in the first year of suffrage (Ardagh 599). Unfortunately for feminists, the progress took a reverse with this number dropping to 10 by 1977, coupled by a severe lack of women in the ministries (Ardagh 599). This lack of political representation of women was in spite of the feminist movement in France that marked the 1970s. Although few women were sitting in offices of power, many were marching in the streets in protest. Through the political pressuring of the feminist movement, remarkable gains such as the legalization of abortion and progressive rape laws were made (C#233;lestin, DalMolin, and Courtivron 2). In terms of women participating in electoral politics, one part of the feminist movement actually discouraged it with a call for absentation from voting because womens issues were being oppressed by the patriarchal political parties in power (Duchen 106). France has never had a woman asShow MoreRelatedThe noun feminism is derived from the French in the 19th century . It refers to the campaign at700 Words   |  3 PagesThe noun feminism is derived from the French in the 19th century . It refers to the campaign at first but now women have been endowed with greater meaning when it is used extensively in many places. Feminism was born because there are those who feel that women have been oppressed by injustice exists between man and woman . Oppression of women is a human act under social institution and it is not biologkal . Thus, the women themselves able to change this situation . Theories of feminism has changedRead MoreFeminism : Women s Rights On The Grounds Of Political, Social, And Economic Equality1507 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism has been around as long as women have been. Feminism according to google is the advocacy of women s rights on the grounds of political, social, and economic equality to men. So it is basically women wanting to be treated equally. The history of feminism is pretty sketch considering how it was never called feminism until america got a hold of it. But never the less there are definite matriarchal influences throughout the history of the world. A couple of asian cultures were based off ofRead MoreThe Definition Of Modern Day Feminism1116 Words   |  5 PagesMegan Thompson Ms. Butters AP Language 13 November 2014 The Definition of Modern Day Feminism â€Å"Feminist: a person who believes in the social, political, and economic equality of the sexes.† This is what Beyonce, one of the most famous and influential Women of Color in the past decade, claims in her 2014 VMA performance, with a large, shining backdrop of the word ‘feminist’ behind her. This quickly became one of the most direct and most widely-known displays of her feminist beliefs, and Beyonce isRead MoreThe Effects Of Writing On Feminist Theory1375 Words   |  6 Pagesthe masculine (Delahoyde 1). Feminism is not a young concept, in fact, the word first appeared in 1890’s France as â€Å"fà ©minisme† (Freedman 4). Feminist theory was developed to recognize injustices against women, and proposes action to change the situation universally (Young 20). The 1960s and 70s brought second-wave feminism, which occurred during the same time as the Civil Rights movement and protests against the Vietnam War (Rich 7). The second wave of feminism was said to be a transition focusedRead MoreFeminism : A Studies Of Feminism1559 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism 6 Running Head: PSYCHOLOGY STUDIES:A STUDIES OF FEMINISM PSYCHOLOGY STUDIES: A STUDIES OF FEMINISM CUIYI P. Student Pasadena City College Feminism 1 Psychology Studies: a Studies of Feminism What Does it Means to Run Like a Girl 21th Century Earlier Centuries Feminism became a hot topic in 21th century, but anyone know what is Feminism means? Definition on Macmillan Dictionary says, Feminism is the belief that women should have the sameRead MoreFeminism And The First Day Of Class1135 Words   |  5 PagesWhat does the word feminism mean to an individual? Do people believe it means fighting for equality? Do people believe the negative stereotypes? Feminism is a widely debated topic across the world. People either support feminism or protest against it. It is important to know the correct meaning of feminism as it is commonly used in an incorrect manner. Even though the majority of people do not acknowledge the true meaning of feminism and the history it has created, we are oblivious to social mediaRead MoreBlack Feminist1005 Words   |  5 PagesPress). Black feminism argues that sexism, social class oppression, and racism are inseparably bound together (Collins). The feminist movement has been around since the 1880s when the word â€Å"Feminism† appeared in the French language (Collins). The word found traction in Britain in the 1890s, and the United States in 1910, feminism sought to influence popular culture by its very presence and by its persistent demands to be recognized as the official voice of all women (â€Å"What is Feminism†). Although theRead MoreAn Analysis of Rethinking Sex Gender651 Words   |  3 Pagestheorist of French origin. She was an active participant of the Womens Movement(Mouvement de Libà ©ration des Femmes called MLF). She challenged the law of the French Government in 2004 , which forbid Muslim girls to wear hijab in schools. She was the proponent of Material Feminism. Along with Simone de Beauvoir, she co-founded the Nouvelles questions feministes(New Feminist Issues) in 1977.She was the proponent of Material Feminism, which is a radical perspective of socialist feminism, linking aRead MoreFeminism, The Advocacy Of Women s Rights On The Ground Of The Equality 1654 Words   |  7 PagesFeminism is a series of chronological movements and ideologies aimed at altering the patriarchal system to be equalitarian, so women can uphold the same opportunities and rights as men. Feminism, by definition, is ‘the advocacy of women’s rights on the ground of the equality of the sexes’ (Oxforddictionaries.com, 2015). Therefore, feminism is still relevant within Western society because there is still significant evidence that shows women are still not yet equal with men. Thus, this essay will focusRead MoreFeminism And Its Effect On Society1509 Words   |  7 Pagesquite taken seriously.The word is known by many people but not fully understood by the masses. The word being referred to is Feminism and it is phenomenon that has been around for years but has been spreading through people everywhere. Feminism is a movement created to help everyone and make our society more positive and to rule out harmful gender roles in our culture. Feminism is defined in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary as â€Å"the belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities†

How Student Finances At Your School Essay - 854 Words

How to Streamline Student Finances at Your School This article will explain how school administrators can use one system to manage students financial aid data. The admissions office, registrar and accounting department can have access to the same data simultaneously. A school’s accounting procedures and financial management systems can have a significant impact on the effectiveness and accountability for all funds received by the U.S. Department of Education as well as the ability of school staff to serve students as quickly and efficiently as possible. As a school administrator, you probably already understand the complex intricacies of managing student finances. However, you may not realize how crucial each step can be for streamlining student finances at your school. Synchronizing Operations and Responsibilities When it comes to managing student finances and financial aid, the departments primarily responsible for keeping things running smoothly are admissions, bursar and accounting. Especially when you’re dealing with financial aid benefits like the Federal Work-Study Program, the financial aid department usually authorizes awards as well as monitors student earnings. However, the bursar’s office usually processes payroll and manages the school’s non-federal share of Federal Work-Study programs. Managing Student Financial Aid Managing Federal Student Aid assistance is a school-wide responsibility, which means that when FSA program funds are provided, all offices atShow MoreRelatedPersuasive Speech : Speech Outline819 Words   |  4 PagesEducation to incorporate Personal Finance courses in high schools. Thesis: Instead of teaching children in schools non-vital skills like sewing and baking, Personal Finance should be taught in Home Economics or as a curriculum during a summer semester if not fulfilled with aforementioned elective. I. The Attention Step A. How important is money to you? Can you imagine yourself not knowing what’s in your bank account, or how much of your income is used to pay for your mistakes? B. Surprisingly enoughRead MoreEducation Needs To Focus More On Teaching Realistic Things1687 Words   |  7 Pagesneed going forward in life. Education in high school should get students prepared for college and life after high school. Students need to be learning things like, how to write a college paper the correct way, how to keep track of your personal fiancà ©s, do home improvement type jobs and how to communicate effectively with others. Students leaving high school and going to college need to know how to keep track of their personal finances. Living on your own in the real world can be scary for a lot ofRead MoreCollege Expenses : The True Nightmare1669 Words   |  7 Pagesnecessary. Finances are a huge part in our college life and any life afterwards, which is why learning about and applying for financial aid, understanding financial stress and its consequences, and how to manage your finances will lead you into a more successful life overall. Before one can attend a college, one must pay for a tuition. Depending on your choice of college, it may run from $12,600-$35,000 per year on average (Wei 3). There are many personal reasons to why student debt has goneRead MoreFinancial Literacy Is The Key For Managing Money895 Words   |  4 Pagesmuch more than learning of how to count your money when purchasing a gallon of milk at the liquor store. Financial literacy at times is mistaken for Economics, and it’s easy to understand why. Yet, financial literacy is the understanding of how money functions in this world, how to properly manage it, how one would properly invest their money, and how to donate your money to help others. Sounds like a perfect curriculum to teach students? Yet, politicians, teachers, and school officials hardly take itRead MoreWhat Happens After The Bell?906 Words   |  4 PagesFor a high school student every day could be a long exhausting nightmare. So what do students do once their cra zy school day is done; most students usually have a club or a sport they are a part of. These extracurricular activities usually take place after school and give the students something to enjoy and to help take the stress of school off their minds. Some believe that sports are more important than clubs. While others believe that school’s should focus more on classes and school work and soRead MoreThe Dream Of The American Dream1732 Words   |  7 Pagesthe creation of sound savings and investment strategies. However, saving and investing do not come with a guarantee of financial independence, but being financially adept does increase your chances exponentially. Although becoming financially adept requires persistence, an individual should strive to understand how to maximize their investment returns, understand potential options when planning for retirement, and gain skills required to boost the chances of achieving financial independence. WhenRead MoreThe Profession Of Attorney As A Nurse1293 Words   |  6 Pagesopenings. These are teacher, nurse, doctor and lawyer. When you think about it, this makes perfect sense. Students will always need teachers (or professors, in the case of college students). And, since students, teachers, and professors are first and foremost people, and people get sick, they will in turn need a doctor and/or a nurse. So, what will lawyers do? They will represent the students when they become adults and enter the working world if something should happen that they require legal representationRead MoreCOLLEGE DROPOUT1013 Words   |  5 Pages Students Just Want to Have Funds People assume students are young people who attend college to become adults, not knowing that most students already carry on adult-like responsibilities. Nowadays, young people live on their own, without their parents’ help, and cannot afford to go to school and pay rent, as well. During my high school years, I expected to be balancing university activities with homework and dorming, not expenses and low-paying jobs. According to a New York Times news conferenceRead MoreQuestions On Swot Analysis : Swot1514 Words   |  7 Pagesreplaced by IPADS for students. 2) Ease of access and reduce the error possibility, you don’t need to copy enrollment or other data from one place to another just use cloud instead so there will be a centralized data. 3) Easy to monitor the system 4) If we merge the data of their existing website with our info system it would be very easier for finance department to track the total number of sales and how much money they are giving to local charity. 5) Ease of access for students as they won’t needRead MoreThe Importance Of The American Dream1628 Words   |  7 PagesThese sobering fact drive home the need to ensure your own financial future. Although difficult, the dream of financial stability at any age is achievable even for those of modest means through the creation of sound savings and investment strategies. However, investing does not come with a guarantee of financial independence, but being financially savvy does increase your chances exponentially. To become financially savvy, we need to understand how to maximize the return on our cash, understand potential

Effective Speech Presentation in Business Communication

Question: Discuss about theEffective Speech Presentation in Business Communication. Answer: Introduction: An oral presentation is a communication mode that in most cases have helped the listeners to get what they were not able to get had they read the text on their own. This is due to the fact that they get it one on one from an individual and through the use of various means of delivery; motive and meaning as statements come out if listeners receive it from one with good mastery and is specialized in an area. However, the speaker has the ability to influence the response of the listeners either negatively or positively depending on the tactics that he or she uses (Marathe 2007, pp. 43-45). This piece of work thus seeks to examine various reasons why an audience in an oral presentation may get bored in the course of the delivery of the talk. First, there might have been the use of computer jargons that were not being understood by the audience in the hall. In the event that David used too much of tough vocabulary that cannot be easily comprehended by the audience, they might turn to sleep instead of listening. They get bored by the whole thing since they understand very little out of it and this alone switches them off from the presentation (Davis et al. 2012, pp. 67-71). Boredom is also caused by the speech being too long. This setback can be overcome through David simplifying the speech after realizing that the audience is bored. At the same time, he can shorten the speech by highlighting only the key points to the audience so that the flesh remains for them to put in place. Secondly, there is the likelihood of David talking to himself and not involving the audience in the whole process of the speech delivery. This will make his audience switch off since David does the talking and involves only himself (Lumsden et al. 2010, pp. 57-59). They feel not part of the whole thing and are thus tempted to draw away their attention from David the speaker. This should be overcome by David upon realizing that the audience is already bored by the whole process involving them much. The involvement can be in the form of asking them rhetorical questions in the process, pausing a little in the process to let the point to sink into the audience just to mention but a few (Marathe 2007, pp. 78-82). Alternatively, tonal variations used by David in the process of delivery of the computer speech can work to attract the attention of the students hence maintaining them to him. Lastly, the simplicity of the speech is what will drive the audience to be active and show interest so that they benefit from the talk (Davis et al. 2012, pp. 63-66). This removes the assumption that all those who are at the talk understand the topic under discussion. The use of complicated vocabularies and words that are specific to the computer without proper elaboration puts the students off the mark. At the same time, the reaction for the David should be swift so that the attention can be drawn back to him immediately hence will help him avoid further time wastage in the delivery. In summary, in order for David to deliver a speech to the intended students, he should ensure that proper tips to the effective oral presentation that has been presented above are adhered to. It is only this that will make the students rank him high and at the same time add value to his work so that next time the school could also consider him for the same task. Bibliography Davis,M., Davis,K.J., Dunagan,M.M. 2012. Scientific papers and presentations. Amsterdam: Elsevier/Academic Press. Lumsden,G., Lumsden,D.L., Wiethoff,C. 2010. Communicating in groups and teams: Sharing leadership. Australia: Wadsworth Cengage Learning. Marathe,M. 2007. The successful speaker: 273 tips for powerful presentations. Rotherham, U.K: Ashwood House.

art history terms Essay

art history terms Essay art history terms Essay Dark Age to Archaic Greece Iron Age: the period generally occurring after the Bronze Age, marked by the prevalent use of iron. Geometric Style; a phase of Greek art, characterised largely by geometric motifs in vase painting, that flourished towards the end of the Greek Dark Ages, circa 900 BC to 700 BC. Its centre was in Athens, and it was diffused amongst the trading cities of the Aegean Orientalizing Style; The period is characterized by a shift from the prevailing Geometric style to a style with different sensibilities, which were inspired by the East. Archaic Style:The termini of the Archaic period are defined as the "structural revolution", meaning a sudden upsurge of population and material goods that occurred c. 750 BC, and the "intellectual revolution" of classical Greece.[1] The end of archaism is conventionally marked by Xerxes' invasion of Greece in 480 BC. Zeus; rules the Olympians of Mount Olympus as a father rules the family according to theancient Greek religion. He is the god of sky and thunder in Greek mythology. Athena; goddess of wisdom, courage, inspiration, civilization, law and justice, just warfare, mathematics, strength, strategy, the arts, crafts, and skill. Herakles; Steal the apples of the Hesperides (He had the help of Atlas to pick them after Hercules had slain Ladon). Hermes; Hermes is a god of transitions and boundaries. He is quick and cunning, and moved freely between the worlds of the mortal and divine, as emissary and messenger of the gods,[1] intercessor between mortals and the divine, and conductor of souls into the afterlife. Dionysus; the god of the grape harvest, winemaking and wine, of ritual madness andecstasy in Greek mythology. Apollo; The ideal of the kouros (a beardless, athletic youth), Apollo has been variously recognized as a god of light and the sun, truth and prophecy, healing, plague, music, poetry, and more. Medusa; a monster, a Gorgon, generally described as having the face of a hideous human female with living venomous snakes in place of hair. Gazing directly upon her would turn onlookers to stone. Perseus; founder of Mycenae and of the Perseid dynasty of Danaans, was the first of the heroes of Greek mythology whose exploits in defeating various archaic monsters provided the founding myths of the Twelve Olympians. Perseus beheaded the Gorgon Medusa, and saved Andromeda from the sea monster Cetus. Nike;a goddess who personified victory, also known as the Winged Goddess of Victory. kouros; meaning (male) youth, was first proposed for what were previously thought to be depictions of Apollo by V. I. Leonardos in 1895 in relation to the youth from Keratea,[2] and adopted by Lechat as a generic term for the standing male figure in 1904.[3] kore; equivalent to a male kouros. They both show the restrained "archaic smile", but - unlike the nude kouroi - korai are depicted in thick drapery, ornate and (in painted examples) very colorful and often have elaborate braided hairstyles. Parthenon in 1886 and called "the Korai of Acropolis". peplos; a body-length garment established as typical attire for women in ancient Greece by 500 BC (the Classical period). polis (mean: city-state); a political entity ruled by its body of citizens. archaic smile: their subject was alive, and infused with a sense of well-being. â€Å"Catastrophy† in the Aegean: Theories Evidence Effects Us vs. Them: Manufacturing Communities on Mainland Greece Darwinian/Evolutionary Theory; Johannes Winkelmann Archaic to Classical Greece Persian War; Cyrus; the founder of the Achaemenid Empire.[9] Under his rule, the empire embraced all the previous civilized states of the ancient Near East,[9] expanded vastly and eventually conquered most of Southwest Asia and much of Central Asia Xerxes; the fourth king of the kings of Achaemenid Empire. Ionian Revolt; The cities of Ionia had been conquered by Persia, the ionians then revolted Marathon; Greeks win Thermopylae; Xerces

Sin essays

Sin essays A sin can be defined as the act of breaking a Religious law or purpose. Morals and how someone is raised can factor into their views on a sin. Everyone has a conscience, which is the ability to recognize right and wrong. A sin severity varies by intent, and results of the commented act. Some sins are taken more seriously than others are. For example if you choose to lie to your parents you may get grounded, but if you were to murder someone you would be condemned to prison. Usually after a person commits an iniquity it causes them to feel guilt and remorse because they know their action was wrong. In The Scarlet Letter, Roger Chillingworth is the worst sinner. Chillingworth is the greatest sinner because his sin is intentional, selfish, and continual. Chillingworth consciously commits two sins. His first sin is against nature by marrying Hester, knowing she does not love him. His selfish desire to have a lovely, young wife. He is aware of this by telling Hester Mine was the first wrong. When I betrayed thy budding youth into a false and unnatural relation with my decay. (Hawthorne, 153) But his worst offense is when he let the sin take over. Chillingworth sacrifices Dimmesdale to satisfy his own selfish need for vengeance. He focuses constantly to destroy Dimmesdales sanity. Being Dimmesdales doctor he knows he is causing Dimmesdale to be ill and he intentionally does not stop. Not only is Chillingworth aware of his sin, but he sins selfishly. When Chillingworth arrives in Boston and sees his wife on the scaffold he plans to break vengeance on the man who seduces his wife and fathers her child. Unlike Dimmesdales and Hester crime of passion, his is cold and plotted to only benefit himself. His constant poking at Dimmesdale wound with diabolical determination to increase his suffering and pain brings self-enjoyment. He enjoys tormenting him so much that he arranges to keep him in his selfish clutch...

What Happened to the Mayan Civilization The Mistery of A Great Essay

What Happened to the Mayan Civilization The Mistery of A Great Civilization - Essay Example The most famous theories of the collapse of the Mayan civilization are as under however there is no consensus of opinion among the researchers: 1. The Disaster Theory: The researchers of Maya civilization believed that there was surely a catastrophic event which doomed the Mayans. The event may be an earthquake, an epidemic disease, flood or the volcanic eruption. Such a disastrous event can be the only explanation behind the immediate downfall of civilizations. It is reasonable that a large number of people can be killed or displaced only if a sudden hazard takes place. It can at once kill people and destroy cities. The theory is widely celebrated for the reason of the fall of the Mayan civilization (Thompson, p96). The theory matches with religious explanations of the causes of the falls of the nations. This theory as regards the Mayan civilization was however rejected because the history shows that Mayan civilization took about 200 years for its downfall; it was not sudden. Some o f the cities declined while many flourished for quite a reasonable part of the time. Had there been an earthquake, flood, disease or volcanic eruption, each and everything would have simultaneously been removed of the surface of the earth. As this was not the situation, the theory was rejected by a large faction of researchers. 2. The Warfare Theory: The Mayans were a peaceful civilization. But their later history reveals that they were a warring people always busy in wars among in between and against others. Their historical record tells of the fact that they always discovered newer methods of warfare. The stone-carvings deciphered recently openly tell that Mayans fought frequently among themselves. Cities went to battles quite often worth mentioning of which are Tikal, Copan and Dos Pilas. In 760 A.D, Dos Piloas was destroyed after ruthless invasion. The theory is quite an interesting and reasonable explanation of the causes of the downfall of the Mayan civilization. History has a lways told that mutual war-fares and misunderstandings have caused the nations to drown in the seas of obscurity. The researchers have only one query here; whether they fought enough to bring their downfall? This is quite reasonable that war brings with it human sufferings, financial crisis and collateral damage. They warred with each other and the cities of the Mayan civilization caught the fire of distrust and discontent sufficient enough to disbelieve them their culture (Miller, p18). 3. The Famine Theory: In the periods of history between 1000 B.C. and 300 A.D, the basic occupation of the Mayans remained the Agriculture. They practiced in it and earned their livelihood. Agriculture was so largely practiced that even small family-plots were not left uncultivated. Corns, beans and squash were their main plantations. On seas and riversides as well as in lakes, they carried out fishing for their food needs. With their advancement in many fields, the cities grew and their population increased. Their progress attracted people from other civilizations as well. They came and penetrated them. A moment came when their population grew to the extent their resources could not bear any more. The local production was far less than their required limits. They were however an advanced civilization and learnt to upgrade their resources. They improved their agricultural procedures and equipments. They improved their trade. However the penetration of the outsiders and the increase in local population were the issues which

MPH522 - Public Health Law and Policy, Mod 3 Case Assignment Essay

MPH522 - Public Health Law and Policy, Mod 3 Case Assignment - Essay Example The Association of Dietary supplement manufacturers brought suit against the Food and Drug Administration stating that it did not have the right to require single dose packaging of iron supplements and nutritional supplements with iron in them. According to the Dietary Association this is not a case of possible adulteration and therefore does not fall into that jurisdiction for the FDA. The FDA, however, there were risks and one of those was poisoning as well as the possibility of adulteration and had required all of these drugs be packaged in single dose (Westlaw) The Association of Dietary supplement manufacturers felt that the FDA had overstepped its bounds in requiring this kind of packaging for dietary supplements and iron. It was much more expensive to do this and though the FDA had been given quite a lot of authority, this was not included. The courts eventually agreed with the Association of Dietary supplement manufacturers even though there had been many deaths related to the overdose of children with iron compounds from these supplements. This is an example of public health law that is outdated does not help but a policy might possibly have (Hall, 2003). Public health officials are tasked with protecting the public, taking whatever actions are necessary to protect health (Hall, 2003). It would seem then that the FDA was still in the right as they were protecting the health due to many deaths related to the use of these drugs by children and overdosage on iron which could be prevented with single dose packaging. The FDA felt it was their duty to protect under these circumstances and this writer believes that review of the literature would support that perspective. When we view public health law we should see the use of duty, power, and restraint (Gosten, 2001). One likes to believe that the restraint is common sense. Yet often, it appears, public health officials use the duty and power and forget to use common

Proactive and Reactive Cyber Forensics Investigation Process

Proactive and Reactive Cyber Forensics Investigation Process PROACTIVE CYBER FORENSIC ANALYSIS Proactive And reactive cyber forensics investigation processes: A Systematic Literature Review(SLR) A multi-component framework of cyber forensics investigation Abstract—Digital Forensics can be defined as the ensemble of methods, tools and techniques used to collect, preserve and analyze digital data originating from any type of digital media involved in an incident with the purpose of extracting valid evidence for a court of law. In it investigations are usually performed as a response to a digital crime and, as such, they are termed Reactive Digital Forensic (RDF). This involves identifying, preserving, collecting, analyzing, and generating the final report. Although RDF investigations are effective, they are faced with many challenges, especially when dealing with anti-forensic incidents, volatile data and event reconstruction. To tackle these challenges, Proactive Digital Forensic (PDF) is required. By being proactive, DF is prepared for incidents. In fact, the PDF investigation has the ability to proactively collect data, preserve it, detect suspicious events, analyze evidence and report an incident as it occurs. Index Terms—Digital forensics, Digital Proactive Forensics, Digital reactive forensics, Digital device storage, digital crime, Anti forensics, multi component framework Introduction Computer crimes have increased tremendously and their degree of sophistication has also advanced, the volatility and dynamicity of the information that flows between devices require some proactive investigation. The reactive investigation is now becoming less practical since the increased sizes of the data that is being investigated and underlying technology of the devices that change tremendously make the tools made for digital reactive forensics useless In order to investigate anti-forensic attacks and to promote automation of the live investigation, a proactive and reactive functional process has been proposed.. The phases of the proposed proactive and reactive digital forensics investigation process have been mapped to existing investigation processes. The proactive component in the proposed process has been compared to the active component in the multi- component framework. All phases in the proactive component of the new process are meant to be automated. To this end, a theory for the proactive digital forensics is necessary to lay down a strong foundation for the implementation of a reliable proactive system. I. Anti-Forensics The term anti-forensics refers to methods that prevent forensic tools, investigations, and investigators from achieve- ing their goals. Two examples of anti-forensic methods are data overwriting and data hiding. From a digital investigation perspective, anti-forensics can do the following: Prevent evidence collection. Increase the investigation time. Provide misleading evidence that can jeopardize the whole investigation. Prevent detection of digital crime. To investigate crimes that rely on anti-forensic methods, more digital forensic investigation techniques and tools need to be developed, tested, and automated. Such techniques and tools are called proactive forensic processes. Proactive forensics has been suggested in. To date, however, the definition and the process of proactive forensics have not been explicated. II. Proactive digital forensics Proactive Digital Forensic Component has the ability to proactively collect data, preserve it, detect suspicious events, gather evidence, carry out the analysis and build a case against any questionable activities. In addition, an automated report is generated for later use in the reactive component. The evidence gathered in this component is the proactive evidence that relates to a specific event or incident as it occurs. As opposed to the reactive component, the collection phase in this component comes before preservation since no incident has been identified yet. Phases under the proactive component are defined as follows: Proactive Collection: automated live collection of predefined data in the order of volatility and priority, and related to a specific requirement of an organization or incident. Proactive Preservation: automated preservation, via hashing, of the evidence and the proactively collected data related to the suspicious event. Proactive Event Detection: detection of suspicious event via an intrusion detection system or a crime-prevention alert. Proactive Analysis: automated live analysis of the evidence, which might use forensics techniques such as data mining and outlier detection to sup- port and construct the initial hypothesis of the incident. Report: automated report generated from the proactive component analysis. This report is also important for the reactive component and can serve as the starting point of the reactive investigation.[1] III Reactive Digital Forensics It the traditional or post-mortem approach of investigating a digital crime after an incident has occurred. This involves identifying, preserving, collecting, analyzing, and generating the final report. Two types of evidence are gathered under this component: Active: Active evidence refers to collecting all live (dynamic) evidence that exists after an incident. An example of such evidence is processes running in memory. Reactive : refers to collecting all the static evidence remaining, such as an image of a hard drive. Previous Work Proactive Vs Reactive Forensics Investigation framework Complexity of Digital Forensics investigation Digital attacks are so complex that it is hard to investigate them forensically. The elements involved in a digital crime are located in a large multidimensional space and cannot be easily identified. With the increase of storage size and memory sizes, and the use of parallelism, virtualization and cloud, the parameters to take into account during an investigation can even become unmanageable. Five fundamental principles The five fundamental principles are stated below: Principle 1 Consider the entire system. This includes the user space as well as the entire kernel space, file system, network stack, and other related subsystems. Principle 2 Assumptions about expected failures, attacks, and attackers should not control what is logged. Trust no user and trust no policy, as we may not know what we want in advance. Principle 3 Consider the effects of events, not just the actions that caused them, and how those effects may be altered by context and environment. Principle 4 Context assists in interpreting and understanding the meaning of an event. Principle 5 Every action and every result must be processed and presented in a way that can be analyzed and understood by a human forensic analyst. These five are for reactive analysis , for proactive there must be some new principles. Soltan Abed Albari proposed the following two : Principle 6 Preserve the entire history of the system. Principle 7 Perform the analysis and report the results in real time. By preserving the entire history of the system, we can go back in time and reconstruct what has happened and answer reliably all the necessary questions about an event or incident. The reconstructed timeline is based on the actual states of the system before and after the event or incident. In addition and due to the large amount of data, events and actions involved, performing a proactive analysis and reporting require real time techniques that use high-performance computing. The analysis phase should be automated and have the necessary intelligence to investigate the suspicious events in real time and across multiple platforms. Figure 1 Relation between action ,target events[1] In addition to the actions and events that the seven principles listed above emphasize, we introduce the notion of targets. A target is any resource or object related to the system under investigation e.g., a file, memory, register, etc. We will use an element of DF investigation to refer to a target, an action or an event. At a time t and as shown in Figure 3.1, the system is in the process of executing an action that reacts to some targets and events, and produces new targets and events or modifies the existing ones. A model for Proactive digital forensics The model below has two major parts Forward system Feedback system Forward system is the one upon which investigation is performed. Both systems the forward and the feedback can be modelled as a tuple (T,E,A), where T is a set of targets, E is a set of events, and A is a set of possible actions each of which is viewed as a transfer function of targets and events. To clarify this, each target f ∈ T is associated with a set S(f) representing the possible states in which it can be. The Cartesian product of S(f) for all targets f defines the state space of the system’s targets and we denote it by T . We do the same for every event e but we consider S(e) to contain two and only two elements, namely ↑ (triggered event) and ↓ (not triggered event). The Cartesian product of all the system’s events (S(e) for every event e) is denoted by E (status space). An action a is therefore a function from Γ Ãâ€" T Ãâ€" E to T Ãâ€" E, where Γ represents the time dimension. The evolution function ψ is defined from Γ Æ" (T Ãâ€" E) Ãâ€" A to T Ãâ€" E by ψ(t,(~r,~e),a) = a(t,~r,~e)3. At a time t ∈ Γ, an event e is triggered if its status at time t is ↑, and not triggered ↓ otherwise. The notation ↑t e will be used to denote that the event e is triggered at time t Figure 2 proactive model[1] The forward system has three things that are linked. Target, event and action A. Target A target is any resource or object related to the system under investigation (e.g., a file, memory, register, etc.. We will use an element of DF investigation to refer to a target, an action or an event. At a time t system is in the process of executing an action that reacts to some targets and events, and produces new targets and events or modifies the existing ones. Therefore to describe the dynamics of the system at a single instant t, one needs to know at least the states of the targets, the events generated and the actions executed at t. For a full description of the dynamics, these elements of investigation need to be specified at every instant of time; and the complete analysis of the dynamics of the system requires a large multidimensional space Equations B. Events and Actions Keeping track of all events and targets is expensive. To reduce them, a few classifications using preorder and equivalence relations. To illustrate the idea behind these classifications, imagine a botnet writing into a file. This event will trigger other events including checking the permission on the file, updating the access time of the file, and writing the data to the actual disk. The idea behind our formalization is to be able to know which events are important (maximal) and which ones can be ignored. The same thing holds for the targets .This will optimize the cost and time . Short Theory on Events Let e1 and e2 be two events in E. We defined the relation ≠¤E on E as follows: e1 ≠¤E e2 if and only if ( ⇠Ã¢â€¡â€™ ) whenever the event e1 happens at a time t, the event e2 must also happen at a time t0 greater than or equal to t. Formally, this can be expressed as: e1 ≠¤E e2 ⇠Ã¢â€¡â€™ (∀t ↑t e1 ⇒ âˆÆ't0 ≠¥ t ↑t0 e2) Subsequent events are those which are less than e . Short theory on targets Let ÃŽ ¨ be the mapping from T to E (Figure 3.10) that associates each target with its change of status event. The mapping ÃŽ ¨ and ≠¤E induces a preorder relation ≠¤T defined by T1 ≠¤T T2 ⇠Ã¢â€¡â€™ ÃŽ ¨(T1) ≠¤E ÃŽ ¨(T2) Informally, this means that whenever target T1 changes at time t the target T2 must change at t0 ≠¥ t. Short Theory on Actions The set of actions A is extended to  ¯ A using the following operators: An associative binary operator called sequential operator and denoted by ;. Given two actions a1 and a2, the action a1;a2 is semantically equivalent to carrying out a1 and then a2 (the two transfer functions are in series). Note that ∅A is a neutral element of A with respect to ; (i.e., a;∅A = ∅A;a = a for every action a). A commutative binary operator called parallel operator and denoted by ||. In this case a1||a2 is equivalent to carrying a1 and a2 simultaneously (the two transfer functions are in parallel). The action ∅A is also a neutral element of A with respect to ||. A conditional operator defined as follows. Given two conditions ci and ce in C, and an action a, the operator ciace represents the action of iteratively carrying out a only when ci is true and stopping when ce is false. That is denoted by a ce. Note that if both are true, then ci a ce is a. Zone Base Classification of Investigation Space To address the limitation of the classification described previously and address the undesirability issue , classify the event and target state into a set of priority zones. These zones can be represented with different colors: green, yellow, and red; starting from a lower priority to a higher one. When important events/targets with high-priority levels are triggered, a more thorough analysis is expected. Moreover, the zones can be used as a quantifying matrix that provides numbers reà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡ecting the certainty level for the occurrence of an incident. In our case, this number is an important piece of information in the final report. The high-priority events can involve one of the following: IDS, Antivirus, Firewall off and changing the windows system32 folder. On the other hand, the high-priority targets are the system32 folder, registry, network traà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã†â€™c and memory dump. Given that the number of targets and events are large, this classification is not enough, especially during the analysis phase. As such, we need to reduce the forensic space. Similar to the principal component analysis technique [59], we suggest restrict- ing the analysis to â€Å"important† targets and events based on a specific organization policy. This can be seen as projecting the full forensic space F onto a sub-space F0 in which the evidence is most probably located. Figure 3 Zone base classification [1] Conclusion In this paper we proposed a new approach to resolve cybercrime using Proactive forensics with focusing on the Investigation space for proactive investigation. This paper reviews literature on Proactive forensic approaches and their processes. It has a method for proactive investigation to be carried out significantly. In order to investigate anti-forensics methods and to promote automation of the live investigation, a proactive functional process has been proposed. The proposed process came as result of SLR of all the processes that exist in literature. The phases of the proposed proactive digital forensics investigation process have been mapped to existing investigation processes. For future work , the investigation space profiling is to be done on events and targets in the space. References Proactive System for Digital Forensic Investigation, Soltan Abed Alharbi, 2014 University of Victoria Mapping Process of Digital Forensic Investigation Framework A new approach for resolving cybercrime in network forensics based on generic process model. Mohammad Rasmi1, Aman Jantan2, Hani Al-MimiY. Yorozu, M. Hirano, K. Oka, and Y. Tagawa, A System for the Proactive, Continuous, and Eà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã†â€™cient Collection of Digital Forensic Evidence Towards Proactive Computer-System Forensics Requirements-Driven Adaptive Digital Forensics Multi-Perspective Cybercrime Investigation Process Modeling A Forensic Traceability Index in Digital Forensic Investigation Network/Cyber Forensics Smartphone Forensics: A Proactive Investigation Scheme for Evidence Acquisition

It’s Time to Regulate the Use of Cell Phones on the Road :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

It’s Time to Regulate the Use of Cell Phones on the Road When a cell phone goes off in a classroom or at a concert, we are irritated, but at least our lives are not endangered. When we are on the road, however, irresponsible cell phone users are more than irritating: They are putting our lives at risk. Many of us have witnessed drivers so distracted by dialing and chatting that they resemble drunk drivers, weaving between lanes, for example, or nearly running down pedestrians in crosswalks. A number of bills to regulate use of cell phones on the road have been introduced in state legislatures, and the time has come to push for their passage. Regulation is needed because drivers using phones are seriously impaired and because laws on negligent and reckless driving are not sufficient to punish offenders. No one can deny that cell phones have caused traffic deaths and injuries. Cell phones were implicated in three fatal accidents in November 2003 alone. Early in November, two-year-old Morgan Pena was killed by a driver distracted by his cell phone. Morgan’s mother, Patti Pena, reports that the driver â€Å"ran a stop sign at 45 mph, broadsided my vehicle and killed Morgan as she sat in her car seat.† A week later, corrections officer Shannon Smith, who was guarding prisoners by the side of the road, was killed by a woman distracted by a phone call (Besthoff). On Thanksgiving weekend that same month, John and Carole Hall were killed when a Naval Academy midshipman crashed into their parked car. The driver said in court that when he looked up from the cell phone he was dialing, he was three feet from the car and had no time to stop (Stockwell B8). Expert testimony, public opinion, and even cartoons suggest that driving while phoning is dangerous. Frances Bents, an expert on the relation between cell phones and accidents, estimates that between 450 and 1,000 crashes a year have some connection to cell phone use (Layton C9). In a survey published by Farmers Insurance Group, 87% of those polled said that cell phones affect a driver’s ability, and 40% reported having close calls with drivers distracted by phones. Scientific research confirms the dangers of using phones while on the road. In 2003 an important study appeared in the New England Journal of Medicine. The authors, Donald Redelmeier and Robert Tibshirani, studied 699 volunteers who made their cell phone bills available in order to confirm the times when they had placed calls.

An Academic Intervention Model

IntroductionThere is a societal division that lies at the bosom of Irish 2nd degree instruction. Students from deprived or lower socio-economic groups tend to rule in the vocational instruction sector while pupils from the higher societal strata seem to swerve towards voluntary instruction ( spiritual ) sector. In England, at the terminal of a kid ‘s primary instruction, normally at the age of 12-14 old ages the Eleven plus scrutiny is administered to pupils. The intent of the Eleven plus scrutiny is to prove a pupil ‘s ability to work out jobs utilizing verbal logical thinking, non-verbal logical thinking mathematics and English. The intent of this scrutiny is to find which type of school the pupil will go to on completion of their primary instruction: a grammar school, a secondary school, or a proficient school. In Ireland, the Primary Certificate scrutiny became mandatory for students in 6th criterion in 1943, dwelling of three written documents in Irish, English and a rithmetic. It was later abolished in 1967 go forthing no tantamount system of streaming. The patterned advance from primary school to secondary school in Ireland has its ain ( less overt ) choice procedure. The choice procedure is that of the parents and the pupils themselves make up one's minding which sort of secondary school they will go to. Second-level instruction in Ireland comprises of voluntary secondary, vocational, community and comprehensive schools. All of these schools offer the Certificate classs prescribed by the Department of Education and Science, enter their pupils for the same national scrutinies and are capable to review by the Department. The determination, hence, on which school to go to, is based on the community ‘s cultural perceptual experience of that peculiar school. There is a class-structured position of instruction which prevails really much within 2nd degree instruction. This category differentiation between the voluntary secondary school and the vocational secondary school is really prevailing. The division has a civilization which associates the more academically capable pupil with the voluntary secondary school and the less academic pupil to the vocational secondary school. A Brief History of Vocational Education in Ireland { In order to understand how this division is present today, when both schools operate the same class course of study, offering the Junior and Leaving Certificate scrutinies. We must look at the development of vocational instruction in Ireland since the late 19th century. } The Vocational Education Act of 1930 was the first major instruction enterprise of the so Irish Free State. Even today, this Act has a strong influence on the execution of current educational policy. The intent of the Act was to set up vocational instruction in Ireland that would offer â€Å" proficient and continuation instruction. † Vocational Education Committees were established in every county and the schools they ran were known as ‘technical schools. ‘ The proficient school offered an alternate to the more academically focussed course of study of the voluntary secondary schools. Up to 1967, the Primary Certificate was the recognized making awarded to pupils between the ages of 12 and 14 on completion of primary instruction. Today, the Eleven Plus continues to be in a more voluntary capacity but more as an entryway test into a specific group of schools, unlike in the yesteryear where it was compulsory in nature In 1924, the Intermediate and Leaving Certificate programmes were introduced into secondary instruction. The Intermediate Certificate test was taken by pupils after a three twelvemonth rhythm. Students so progressed to the Leaving Certificate, which was completed after a farther two old ages. The Leaving Certificate was and still is the choice trial used to derive entree to third flat instruction. In 1947, the biennial Group Certificate was introduced for the vocational schools. It included practical appraisals and teacher appraisals of the pupils ‘ work. This was really different from the single-exam Intermediate and Leaving Certificates. The intent of the Group Certificate was to fix pupils for the employment. Prior to the debut of the Group Certificate, pupils would hold left instruction without any formal making. The debut of the Group Certificate reinforced the societal differences between the two instruction sectors, the vocational and the academic. The practical component of the Group Certificate appraisals and scrutiny reinforced the perceptual experience of vocational instruction as being of a lower value than that of the academic voluntary secondary school. Writing about vocational instruction in Ireland in the 1950s, John Coolahan in his book Irish Education, History and Structure ( 1981, p103 ) has this to state about the Group Certificate: ‘ [ it ] aˆÂ ¦was of a terminal character with small or no transportation value to foster formal instruction. ‘ He goes on to admit the negative perceptual experience of the vocational system. Sean O'Connor in his book, Post-primary instruction: now and in the hereafter ( 1968 ) felt that by comparing to the Numberss go toing voluntary secondary schools that: A little figure of parents, by penchant, sent their kids to vocational schools-mainly in the midlands-so that they might gain the Group Certificate, which offered well-paid occupations in Bord na Mona and the ESB. Otherwise, parents with any aspiration for their kids did non utilize the vocational system. ( p.28 ) . The demand to turn to this instability resulted in the debut of the Intermediate and Leaving Certificate into vocational schools in 1966. The course of study was besides expanded to include topics such as Building Construction, Agriculture, Economics, Engineering and Business Organisation. Although this went some manner to turn to the educational disparity between the two instruction sectors, vocational instruction was still thought of as inferior by Irish societal attitudes in their rating of proficient instruction. The assignment of Donagh O'Malley in 1967, as Minister for Education, brought reform and important alterations to Irish instruction. He broadened entree with the debut of free second-level instruction. He abolished the Primary Certificate, which resulted in the stoping of the narrow focal point on the three Primary Certificate scrutiny topics of Irish, English and Arithmetic. The inaugural greatly increased pupil registration in 2nd degree instruction. In 1972, the school go forthing age was increased to fifteen. By the late eightiess, society ‘s demand for this signifier of proficient instruction refering to trades, industries, commercialism and physical preparation was altering. This was further emphasised in 1989 by the Department of Education who introduced the Junior Certificate into vocational schools. . The debut of the Junior Certificate into vocational schools addressed portion of the makings disparity between the two educational sectors. For the first clip since its enception vocational instruction had equal position at the Junior Cycle as the voluntary secondary schools. Unfortunately, the perceptual experience of vocational instruction as being of a â€Å" lower category † is still apparent even today. Irish societal attitudes still tend to tie in vocational instruction as manual and practical-type instruction. Middle-class parents see voluntary secondary instruction as more esteemed academic-type of instruction which they feel will basically take to their kid procuring greater chances at third-level instruction and finally a white-collar occupation. Vocational schools still make up a important per centum of secondary schools. Of the 730 2nd degree schools in the state, 250 are vocational schools, providing for 30 % of all 2nd degree pupils ( Department of Education and Science 2010 ) . New Section Roscommon Community School, antecedently called Roscommon Vocational School, was in world a low accomplishing school. Morale and outlooks among pupils and instructors and parents was low. The assignment of the current principal caused the attitude of pupils and instructors to better well. Through a series of alterations instigated by him through audience with the pupils, parents and instructors turn toing countries such as pupil subject, general housework: school uniform/appearance, prep, attending, promptness and general behavior, staff preparation, staff motive etc. order returned to the school bettering with it staff and pupil morale. The school has now reached a tableland, and an chance has been created so that the political relations of divisiveness has been neutralised. Staff now have the accomplishments, attitude, vision, and willingness to develop originative ways to learn more efficaciously, wise man and engage parents and better academic accomplishment of the school. New SECTION ( DEFINITION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE CONCEPTS ) This thesis will try to place the factors that guarantee the effectual running of a school and look into how the â€Å" Academic Intervention Model † she developed, together with the staff and pupils, and the encouragement of parental engagement can develop societal interpersonal accomplishments, self-esteem, academic self-image, academic accomplishment and instructor, parent and pupil positions and attitudes. A schools ranking in the National League Tables is the flagstone of national and community perceptual experience of a school. It is a changeless challenge for a school to project itself in a positive visible radiation. School selling, good pupil classs and the figure of pupils come oning to third degree helps to maintain the pupil registration Numberss up. In the research survey, I will utilize my current topographic point of work as the ‘action research undertaking ‘ and will work with a group of 40 fifth and 6th twelvemonth pupils and their parents over a biennial period. Throughout the research the school will be known by the anonym of Fairhill Community School. Based on school records such as Leaving Certificate consequences, CAO, FAS and Job Applications it is apparent that the school does non bring forth many high accomplishing pupils. Alumnuss of the school would take up employment, apprenticeships or go to an institute of engineering and merely 5 % of pupils would procure a topographic point at university. The writer feels that an action research attack would outdo suit the research intended. Ernest Stringer states that: A cardinal premiss of community-based action research is that it commences with an involvement in the jobs of a group, a community, or an administration. Its intent is to help people in widening their apprehension of their state of affairs and therefore deciding jobs that confront them aˆÂ ¦ Community-based action research is ever enacted through an expressed set of societal values. In modern, democratic societal contexts, it is seen as a procedure of enquiry that has the undermentioned features: It is democratic, enabling the engagement of all people. It is just, admiting people ‘s equality of worth. It is emancipating, supplying freedom from oppressive, debilitating conditions. It is life heightening, enabling the look of people ‘s full human potency. ( Action Research, 1999, page 17 )