Plato Allegory Essay

1. The purpose of the allegory is to make it able to direct a relationship between a character, object, or place and an idea or concept. An allegory shows expressions through symbols, allowing the reader to use their imagination. This form of writing easily attracts the attention of its reader. 2. The cave symbolizes the ignorance of mankind. Within the cave, mankind is unaware of any existing world outside of the wall that is placed directly in front of the prisoners. I do believe that there are other possible interpretations. This interpretation could be material world, and physical world we experience. 3. I believe the prisoners in the cave are symbols of humanity. The common human who does not know what reality is until they are unchained and released 4. I believe the prisons are chained in The Allegory of the Cave because of the many restrictions humanity has to withstand. The prisoners are forced to see things from a certain perspective. Chains could possibly symbolize the laws. 5. I believe the puppet masters represent society, education, and religion. The puppet masters shape the understanding of the prisoners. Within societies, education, and religion shape our understanding and are responsible for how we learn. 6. A prisoner would be released from their bonds and cured of their delusions. However, this escape may involve confusion and difficulty. The prisoner’s vision would be at fault and provide struggle. They would experience a whole new world. 7. The prisoner that escaped would be made a fool if one attempted to return to the cave. The other prisoners would question and ruin all possible sight. If the prisoner attempted to lead one up, it is possible they would kill that prisoner. 8. I think â€Å"the good† refers to the light which is justice and enlightenment. 9. Socrates goes on to say that their argument indicates that knowledge is innate in each one of us. He compares our brain to an eye that can’t be turned from bad to good unless our whole body is turned. Socrates says this is similar to the way that our whole mind must be turned away from the world until we can handle reality. 10. Socrates says that the ultimate â€Å"job of lawgivers† is to require the best mind to reach the highest form of knowledge. He also says their job is to strive for vision of the good, and when that is reached, stop them from active how they are allowed to be then. 1. I do think the people today can be prisoners existing in a cave as Plato states. Although we may say somebody is a prisoner, it may not mean that they are actually in jail. There are many prisoners in jail for doing crimes but also there are many people who have never committed a crime who are prisoners. The cave that they are in is their own beliefs. 2. I do believe that the images on the cave wall could represent modern symbols. The images on the cave wall represented what the prisoners thought was present in the exiting world that they were in. the modern version of the images could be compared to the religions groups that choose not to conform to the rest of the world. They know about the outside world and all it has to offer but they choose not to accept that life style. 3. I do believe that there are current examples of the puppet masters. Today the puppet masters could represent teachers, priests, the Police, and security guards. 4. I believe there is a modern view of â€Å"the Good. † Examples of â€Å"the good† in modern views would be religion, family, job, or the idea that someone holds close.

The Bombmaker

This was the part of the job that he hated, planting the bomb; any thing could go wrong. He checked his watch, 10:20, ‘good' he thought the train wasn't due for 20 minutes. He was putting the blue hold-all with the bomb in inside the tunnel. It was set to go in ten minutes. When he put it down he ran back to the car, his orders were to plant the bomb and make sure it went off with out a hitch. The bomb was meant to disrupt only not to kill or maim. He looked to the tunnel and to his horror he saw three school children about to pickup the bag and set off the bomb. He jumped out of his car and ran to the tunnel as fast as he could shouting â€Å"DON'T TOUCH THAT BAG.† It was too late. That was five years ago†¦ Andrea has always blamed her self for the accident. After that she left the IRA. They begged her not to leave, special branch begged her not to leave, but she was adamant she didn't want to make bombs any more. Present day It was 10:30 in Tokyo. Michael was on his way to Tokyo tower for a meeting with the triads. He decided that if he ever got out of this one alive he would go completely legit. When he got there he was patted down to make sure he was not wearing a wire. He was clean. â€Å"Well Michael we need a favour† said one of the triads â€Å"we need a building to be destroyed for the insurance we hear you know someone to do it.†(Michael is ex-IRA) â€Å"Yea I KNEW some one but I have lost contact with them† replied Michael â€Å"All you have to do is give us the address and we will get back in contact with them† said another triad. â€Å"Here is a picture of the building to be destroyed† It was an office block built in the 70's. The building looked as if it was going to fall on its own. Meanwhile 10,000 miles away in Southeast London Andrea Hayes was putting her 7-year-old daughter Sam to bed. â€Å"Its about time she went to bed, she's got school in the morning† â€Å"Yea what's on TV tonight† â€Å"Just a wild life documentary† â€Å"Ok† While they were talking they didn't hear people braking in the back door walking up the stairs to their daughters room. One of them stumbles â€Å"Quiet† the woman whispered â€Å"all we need to do is grab the kid and get out† So they crept carefully to the room picked the girl up and got out of the house without Andy or Jack hearing them. Andy woke up the next morning and went to get Sam up for school. When she got to her room she found a mobile with a post-it note on with her code name from the IRA and a phone number on. She left Jack in bed and went out back to call the number. â€Å"WHAT HAVE YOU DONE WITH MY DAUGHTER?† shouted Andrea â€Å"Calm down Andy your daughter will be fine as long as you do as we say.† â€Å"Ok† said Andrea calmer than before â€Å"what do you want me to do.† What followed were some instructions to go to London and wait on Baker Street for a brown ford transit. Just before she left for London she left a note for jack telling him to contact Frank Carter of special branch and tell him ‘they have got Brian' When she got to London she rented a hotel room to stay in till the pickup. Because the hotel was a short walk to Baker Street she was only waiting for 30 seconds before she bundled in to a van. â€Å"Who are you†¦Ã¢â‚¬ just as she was knocked unconscious About 3 hours later†¦ â€Å"W†¦w†¦where am I† asked Andrea groggily â€Å"You are in a house.† replied voice â€Å"wh†¦who are you† asked Andrea â€Å"You can call me Lisa† replied the Lisa â€Å"and what you will doing is building a 2000 pound fertiliser bomb† â€Å"WHAT† exclaimed Andrea â€Å"YOU WANT ME TO DO WHAT† â€Å"yes we know it sounds a bit big, but we think you can pull it off† â€Å"Ill need help, and materials do I get them† enquired Andrea â€Å"of course you do, just write up a shopping list and ill send these two to get it all† Lisa said pointing to two big strong men called wrestler and boxer. So she set to work putting together the bomb While this was happening 300 miles away at home†¦ Jack was just waking up seeing the he jumped out of bed and ran downstairs to see if Sam had gone to school when he saw the note. It said ‘Jack call special branch and ask for Frank Carter and say they've got ‘Brian.' Who was ‘Brian' what did she have to do with special branch. While all this was running through his head one big question was where is Andy and where is Sam. He instantly grabbed the phone and called the police to get through to special branch. â€Å"Frank Carter does not work for special branch any more,† said the operator. â€Å"Well then could you call him and say they've got Brian† (A clicking sound) â€Å"What do you know about ‘Brian?'† said another voice â€Å"Nothing my wife left me a note to say that to Frank Carter.† â€Å"Stay there we will come and get you† â€Å"Ok† Meanwhile Andrea was nearing completion of the bomb â€Å"How is it going† asked Lisa

Crisis communications plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Crisis communications plan - Essay Example Hence, appointing an experienced Public Relations Officer to take charge of CCP is vital to its success. A good crisis communication plan will contain the following key elements. First, it should have gotten the endorsement of the Director of Communications. Second, it should contain a list of clearly designated employee responsibilities. The information contained in the plan would have gone through verification and clearance checks. It will include a lits of media contact points and also contain details regarding local public health agencies. The plan will clearly identify who the spokesperson is going to be as well as identifying members of the Emergency Response Team. The efficiency and speed with which the crisis is dealt with is in itself a key element (and the first step) of a good plan. Later, the drawn up plans need to be communicated to the stakeholders through proper Public Relations procedures. This usually involves publication and coverage of the crisis in media outlets s uch as newspapers and television stations. In most instances, a crisis situation never gets covered in the media, probably because the story is not newsworthy.

Informative Paper - Evolution of Internet Governance and Its Effect on Research

Informative - Evolution of Internet Governance and Its Effect on Global Internet Users - Research Paper Example 6). The term governance also had its share of controversy when it came to its interpretation. Many considered governance to have an extremely related meaning to the word government. The meaning, which is accepted by the Internet community, considers governance as governing the conducts and behavior of any institution, inclusive of the non-governmental institutions. A government project formed the origin of the Internet. In 1960, the United States of America sponsored a project considered as the mother of the Internet. This was a resilient communication project mandated with the development of the research named DARPA Net. With time, there took place the invention of Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), which evolved the Internet (Gelbstein & Kurbalija 2005, p.11). The Internet is distributed in nature; one of them is the data packets nature to take a different path through any network, enabling the Internet to avoid traditional barriers, as well as control mechan isms. This theory is a total proof that, in the early days, in relation to the Internet, there is no central government, grand design and central planning. This made people consider the Internet as a unique tool, which could offer an alternative solution to the modern politics. In the 1980s, the term Internet governance was introduced, and it described the technical management of the Internet core resources globally. The core resources included IP address, domain names, Internet protocols as well as the root server system. The term Governance was used to show the outstanding differences between government and governance. After the emergence and discoveries of technology advancements such as the telegraph, the government in the early... According to the paper Internet governance is summarized as the act undertaken by Governments, civil society, and the private sector in the role of development and applications; it also involves their respective roles of shared norms, decision making procedures, rules, principles, and other elements that shape the process of Internet evolution. A computer specialist views Internet governance in the form development of various applications and standards. Lawyers focus mostly on the dispute and jurisdiction resolution. The essay makes a conclusion that the evolution of Internet Governance has been a long journey, which at the end has yielded fruits to all Internet users. The World summit on the Information Society has done an outstanding job to make sure that Internet governance is achieved. Other significant players associated with the success of developing and implementing Internet governance include private sectaors, international organizations, governments and young users. Currently, there are large numbers of young users using the Internet and the Internet governance has affected them in various manners. Internet governance has had both positive and negative social effects on the Internet users. However, studies show that the pros outdo the cons; therefore, Internet governance can be considered a success that has had a couple of challenges. Internet governance is a significant contributor towards forming a conductive social environment for the young Internet users. Therefore, the role of Inter net governance to the youth’s social life is of exceptional benefits.

Direct Manipulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Direct Manipulation - Essay Example The direct manipulation interface is a more efficient mode of interaction where the user points at metaphors on the computer and the commands given on their behalf, unlike the line command that requires them to key in the commands by themselves. Direct manipulation, being easier and faster at executing commands, is a preference of majority computer users today, especially designers and gamers as it supports the creation of virtual environments. A virtual environment is a simulation by means of a computer that creates a false or aped environment in which a computer user can perceive themselves in, and interact with objects in it (Montfort, Nick, & Noah 485). The direct manipulation interface has three main principles that make it a preference for a larger cross-section of computer users today. The first principle is the ability to virtually represent the objects of interest continuously in graphic forms and in almost real appearances. The other principle is the support of fast, revers ible actions that are immediate and the last principle is the ability to directly manipulate a command on an object after using a pointing device to locate it. These principles are universal in that they are almost similar from system to system, therefore allowing frequent users to familiarize with, and use them anywhere. Application of direct manipulation interface in games Direct manipulation supports graphical representation of objects, an application extended and put to use in games, as they require simulation to create virtual environments that enable the user to perceive of them being in them. 3D renderings of virtual environments of action excite the user, further engaging them and letting them take roles and control avatars in games. The user interacts with virtual characters who act as drivers, players, dragons and so on in virtual environments with highways, hills, water, and fire. In order for the user to interact with the virtual characters and environments, they require game controls to direct their subjects. Direct manipulation enables the user to use buttons or other game controls and not type lengthy syntax commands. This makes the user enjoy the game without much cramming of commands. The game controls in the games give instructions or commands to the virtual objects or characters that result in rapid responses that prompt the user to correct their moves or perform moves that are more complex thus actively engaging in the virtual gaming (Montfort, Nick, & Noah 499). Types of game interfaces There are two types of game interfaces: three-dimensional and two-dimensional. 3-D game interface is the representation of geometric data in a form that has length, width, and height (has x, y and z-axes) such that it is visible from all perspectives and has the perception to hold mass. 2-D interface is a representation that displays graphics on a screen by use of pixel arrays. It has an X and Y-axis only (Cellary, Wojciech & Krzysztof 279). These two inter faces apply in gaming and computer aided design but are largely inapplicable in real life applications for several reasons. An example is in word processing or spreadsheet applications where using a 3-D interface will make it impossible or very hard to write and annotate. Another reason is that that due to the additional axis in 3-D

Arguments for anti-feminism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Arguments for anti-feminism - Essay Example Are women deprived of rights in society as pointed out in lieu of the feminist view or are women appropriately designated with responsibilities fit for their nature compared to the status of men? It is evident that feminism is a concept motivated by the quest for social justice of individuals who believe that women are disadvantaged in society. I consider feminism as both an intellectual commitment and a political movement that seeks equality for women and the end of sexism in all forms. As James characterizes it, â€Å"feminism is grounded on the belief that women are deprived of certain rights and oppressed by comparison with men, and that their oppression is in some way illegitimate or unjustified†, (276). Crow adds that, â€Å"injustices to women are referred to as the imposition of weak roles to women from roles at home and at work to the bigger part of societal functions†, (1). I will prove in this discussion that the feminist claim, that is, women are denied equal rights by being secondary to men is unsound. As Okin makes the point, â€Å"subordination of women in the context of a family is nothing but a role which could be fulfilled as a role in the family†, (68). I can clearly see that housekeeping functions are allocated to women because a family is a relationship built from the cooperation of the partners. Male partners should handle the financial burden since they are more productive and their biological structure provides for the competitive work advantage. With the role of income generation left to the responsibility of men, housekeeping in general should just be naturally assigned to women. In addition, it could easily be argued that men should be given the responsibility to have better compensation â€Å"because of their role in the labor market† (Bergmann 112). Men deserve to get the top spot in the market of jobs and be remunerate d better relative to women due to their abilities. It is the goal of feminism as well to eliminate the culture in

Regulation of Free Speech on Social Media Research Paper

Regulation of Free Speech on Social Media - Research Paper Example As the report declares freedom on one hand should not violate the rights of others on the other hand and be termed as democracy. This implies that there should be regulation of free speech on internet. However, this should not deny people the freedom of speech. This forms this documents base of argument that social media need to be treated as another public forum hence to be regulated accordingly. According to the research findings balancing between the freedom of expression and promoting equal rights for the entire internet users is the key issue here. Democracy should bring equity to all people. This implies that people have their rights of freedom while at the same time they are restricted from violating the rights of others through what they post on internet. This raise a question on how can this equity be realized in the society. The best way to approach this whole issue is amending the existing law so as to define objectionable content. To begin with for the freedom of expression to be criminalized, it might not necessary be that the content is objectionable in the public’s perception. Precisely, it entails strong disagreements on dearly-held practices, habits, values and beliefs that fortification of the freedom of expression tend to matter most. The right to offend, shock and disturb is integral to freedom of expression’s right and not contradictory to it . All the attempts to define objectionable contentshould incorporate the fact that there is a critical difference between what the society consider objectionable, and what is objectionable from a legal perspective.

CSR and Recruitment methods used by Four Seasons Essay

CSR and Recruitment methods used by Four Seasons - Essay Example Prezi facilitates this process by providing a virtual whiteboard from which presentations can be made into conversations. Traditionally, presentations have always taken the form of monologues where the presenter simply talks and passes information with very minimal engagement from the audience. Prezi offers a shift from such a monotonous process. Prezi offers consumers very critical information regarding presentations and how to improve communication in such situations. It is recognized that information is better passed through visual enhancements. Prezi therefore designs various images, videos which are used in enhancing presentations. Prezi offers cloud-based platforms hence the users can always present from their desktops, tablets of phones. One of the greatest strengths of Prezi is its reliance on communication as a tool for business. The company recognizes that people will always have to communicate and this translates into the continual need for the services. In addition, the company has developed a tradition of listening and paying attention to criticism and this provides a better way of learning and improving services. Prezi focuses on special metaphor in ensuring that the audience remembers the content better. Considering the fact that a presentation is only as effective as the information the audience captures and remembers the company invests a lot in developing techniques which ensure that the audience’s memory is always engaged. Strength arises from Prezi’s traditional focus on elegance and style. For a long time, the company has been known to create very beautiful products which captivate the users. On this, the joy is always on making the users smile. More importantly, it is always about simplicity and this ensures that the users get products they can easily use and love. On the other hand, it is realized that while the communication solutions provided by Prezi are simple and stylish, challenges often arise as new products

Logic Questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Logic Questions - Assignment Example 2. Every event in the world is caused by other events. Human actions and decisions are events in the world. Therefore, every human action and decision is caused by other events. This is a deductive argument. This argument is valid and sound because the claim is logical that the actions and decisions of humans are caused by other events in the world. Similarly, humans react to the events going on around them, which often incite further events that can also be responded to. 3. If God exists, then life has meaning. God does not exist. Therefore, life has no meaning. This argument is a deductive argument. It is an invalid and unsound argument because life has meaning regardless of whether or not God exists. If human beings were created by a higher being, they were created for a purpose; their existence is proof enough that their lives have meaning. If humans were not created by a higher being but through natural means, their lives have meaning by being on earth and creating their own meaning. 4. All cows are purple. Socrates is purple. Therefore, Socrates is a cow. This is deductive argument. This argument is invalid and unsound because we are physically able to determine that Socrates is not a cow. Furthermore, we are able to conclude that Socrates and cows are not purple. Since the premises are not true, the conclusion cannot be true. 5. William James and John Dewey both called themselves pragmatists. They are the leading American philosophers. Therefore, all American philosophers are pragmatists. This is an inductive argument. This argument is invalid and unsound because the identities of these two men as pragmatists cannot be applied to a larger group. Since a lot of philosophical thought is based on theory, pragmatism would not be logically applicable to all American philosophers. 6. Believing in God makes people moral - that is, believers tend to do good and avoid evil. This argument is deductive. It is an invalid and unsound

The world Of Mice and Men Essay Example for Free

The world Of Mice and Men Essay Question: The world Of Mice and Men is one of hostility and suspicion. Explore the second chapter of Of Mice and Men in the light of this statement and decide whether you agree. Introduction Of Mice and Men is a contrasting story to others because it has many different sides to it. You could look at it one way and say that its a joyful book and has only a couple of nasty people in the book, But you could look at it the other way and say that the ranch is a horrible, mean and a fight to survive. The Bunkhouse is a small room with 8 beds made up and the other three showing their burlap ticking, the walls were whitewashed and the floor was unpainted. From only the first few lines of chapter two and you can see that Steinbeck has tried to show us the reader that the bunkhouse like the rest of the farm is small and not a nice place to be. When it then goes on to talk about people possetions it shows us that in that time is was normally to only have about 5 things on you (sometimes even less). The Character Candy Candy is the swamper (cleaner of floors by pouring water on it and using a mop to clean of the dirt) on the ranch, when George and Lennie Arrive on the Ranch he is the first person to greet them. He is meant to be an old man, handless and without a Dog. He acts extremely nice towards George and Lennie (some say too nice). Being Old he is trying to keep his job for as long as possible because back then (and still now in America) there was no unemployment befits like there in the UK so he is trying to keep his Job to live by calling everyone a nice fella meaning everyone is kind back to him (most of the time). Interview with Boss In the Interview with the Boss he comes in and trys to ask George and Lennie why they are half a day late to work. George tries to tell him that the Bus driver give us a bum steer. But when the Boss hears this he doesnt even care and carries on about what he had to do. This shows us that the Boss doesnt change his mind at all because he thinks what he does/says is right and thats it but by the end of the talk he is almost like a nice person almost like he has a guard up and when everything is okay the guard goes and along comes a helpful man. The Character Curly Curly is the Bosses Son, he is meant to be small and one of those small guys who hate big guys. As soon as he comes through the door he looks a Lennie and puts up to fits, like you would in a boxing ring. This shows the most hostility of all of the things on the ranch because some guy walks in who the swamper called a nice fella and he tries to start a boxing fight with your Mate/You. After going into the room like hes in a boxing fight he then asks some questions directed to Lennie, Which because George Told Lennie strictly not to talk George has to talk and answer them. This aggravates Curly because he may not be in charge of anything he really thinks himself to be on the top because the Boss will never fire him because he is his son. The Character Curlys Wife Curlys Wife is a tart (a married woman who wants to see other men), well thats that Curly thinks when he said I think hes married a . tart. She has meant to have been only married to Curly for only 2 weeks and shes already on the hunt for other men? Some people think that it is because she was just a tart in the first place and always has been and thats why Curly married her but some other people think that it is because she feels like she is held captive in the house and whenever she is with Curly outside the house it told to go to the house. This shows us that she could be feeling like she is all most an item of Curlys and isnt allowed to go anywhere without permission of Curly. This shows us again that the ranch can be almost like a prison. Conclusion Overall I think that for Chapter Two the statement: The world Of Mice and Men is one of hostility and suspicion is true because if you look at all the points above the only nice thing at the ranch is Candy and he is only putting it on so he doesnt get fired from the ranch and die from not having any money. This shows us that the ranch a place with only Good patches and are few and far between.

Cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors of human diseases

Cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors of human diseases Historical background Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors are a widely prescribed group of antipyretics and analgesics worldwide and are important component in the treatment of inflammatory conditions. Although first COX inhibitor was discovered more than a decade ago their origin dates back to ancient Mediterranean descent1. Back and other body pains where treated using extracts of poplar tree bark and leaves of myrtle. Use of willow bark emerged far more lately and its first appearance was reported in England in 17631. As was later discovered, the essence of the willow bark possessing anti-inflammatory and antipyretic properties was salicin. Further modification of its structural properties allowed generation of salicylic acid that eventually was developed via Kolbe reaction using phenol1,3. In 1899 Bayer company went ahead in synthesising more susceptible derivative of it, acetylsalicylic acid and named it aspirin. Following this phenylbutazone (1949) and indomethacin (1963) came along however the mystery of mechanism of their action in the body was not yet developed. It was not known until 8 years later when an idea surrounding the synthesis of prostaglandins within body was revealed and for which a Nobel Prize in physiology and medicine was awarded (1982)1. It was proposed that first non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), aspirin, acted upon inhibition of an enzyme that played role in utilising unsaturated fatty acids into biochemical molecules exerting their action in conditions such as inflammation, pain, and fever and platelet synthesis. It was accepted that during changes occurring within stimulated cells and tissues prostaglandins synthesis was taking place 1,3. Structure of COX was isolated in 1976 and its second isoform was confirmed around 14 years later by few different laboratory investigations; investigations which greatly allowed appreciating the nature of first nonselective cox inhibitors NSAIDs in the treatment of human diseases1. 1.1 The pharmacology and chemistry of cyclooxygenase enzyme Cyclooxygenase (COX aka PGG2/H2 synthase) belongs to the family of enzymes known as myeloperoxidases and it is the crucial enzyme in the synthesis of prostaglandins, prostacyclin and tromboxane A2 resullting from the conversion of arachidonic acid (AA) 2,4. This heme-containing COX enzyme is a bifunctional biocatalyst with two interconnected active sites: cyclooxygenase and peroxidase which action involves generation of hydroperoxy endoperoxide PGG2 via cyclooxygenase cycle (Fig.1.) into its reduced form of hydroxy endoperoxide (PGH2) (Fig. 2.) 2,4. Both isoforms of COX enzyme are expressed in endothelial, monocytic and renal cells with COX-2 being more profound in inflammatory and cancer tissues. Both enzymes are characterised by signal peptide, endothelium growth like factor (EGF) region, membrane in-bound domain, catalytic part, interface between monomers and N-linked polysaccharides residues2. The signal peptide in COX-1 consists of 23 residues whereas COX-2 has only 17. The EGF like region constitutes a major part of the interface and is not found in other myeloperoxidases. It is involved in Cys-Cys cross linked bridges with lack of Cys9 in COX-1 and Cys512 in COX-2. The membrane in-bound domain accounts for 33% of overall similarity and 24% of identity within membranous face. This domain is described as consisting of 4 amphipathic a helices that surround the entry to the COX site. The catalytic part is known to be the largest part of the enzyme with remained homology between other myeloperoxidases. 180Â ° rotation between subunits is preserved with chemical interaction between polar, ionic and hydrophobic moieties. Differences in residue positioning prevent heterodimerization and dissociation from facial interaction inactivates the enzymes overall catalytic activity 1,2,3,4,5. Figure 1. Mechanism of COX cycle in cyclooxygenase active site showing free radicals formation denoted by ? prior to PGH2 synthesis in POX pathway (not shown) 2. Attraction of hydrogen atom from Tyr385 by peroxyl radical of PGG2 allows for the regeneration of the steps of the reaction in the COX cycle of prostanoid biosynthesis. The coloured boxes are to indicate the origin of oxygen atoms. PLA2 phospholipase A2, S secretory, C cytoplasmic. Figure 2. A diagram summarising changes made to AA in the distinct active sites of the PGG2/H2 synthase and products formed via action of each catalytic active site 2. 1.2 The nature of cyclooxygenase inhibition in the human body Inhibition of cyclooxygenase action is desired in the treatment of human diseases. Not only because it suppresses the inflammatory production of prostaglandins in the conditions such as: dysmenorrhoea, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis but also because it prevents platelet aggregation, suppresses tumour growth and prevents cancer5. Until 1994 it was not clear by which mode, mechanism or process inhibition of COX was carried out. Just complexation studies between COX and flurbiprofen allowed insight into molecular basis of COX inhibition. The investigation led by Garavito and his colleagues proposed such model of inhibition. In his model it was suggested that the enzyme in question possesses long hydrophobic path that originates from in-membrane bound moiety up to the heart of the dimer subunit. Blocking this channel stops the endogenous substrate (AA) from binding hence possible intervention in the process of prostaglandins biosynthesis5. 1.3 The types of cyclooxygenase inhibitors in the treatment of human diseases There are several types of COX inhibitors available in the treatment of human diseases. The very first one, aspirin, is known to act through non-selective and irreversible manner. As this manner suggests aspirin binds to both types of COX enzyme by acetylating Ser530 residue upon covalent modification. Consequently effects such as risk of excessive bleeding, ulcer formation or foetal deformation limit the use of aspirin in dealing with long term diseases. Nowadays it is mainly considered as the important component in the treatment of cardiovascular conditions due to its anti-platelet activity 1,3. Other types of non-selective NSAIDs such as piroxicam, ibuprofen or diclofenac, constitute majority of therapeutic agents being prescribed however due to harmful effects they are being considered less effective in the long term treatment. The damage to the gastrointestinal (GI) system is due to inhibition of COX-1 expressed in GI mucosa which results in formation of ulcers with associated bleeding. Therefore since the main target for choosing those drugs is found to be of inflammatory nature (inhibition of COX-2) they are nowadays preferred in topical dosage forms 1,3,5. The consequence of the undesired effects caused by non-selective COX inhibitors targeted new approach towards development of more specifically acting agents. The era began on discovery of the second isoform of cyclooxygenase and introduction of first COX-2 selective agent (1999) was introduced to the market within 10 years since its discovery with celecoxib and rofecoxib for the treatment of arthritis. The discovery proposed mechanism of actions of both enzymes within the body with COX-1 possessing more constitutive effects especially in GI tract. It was therefore suggested that COX-2 was an inducible form in conditions such as inflammation and pain, symptoms desired in treatment of human diseases associated with the effects of COX-2 isozyme 1,3. 2. ASPIRIN THE ORIGINAL COX INHIBITOR (Joyce) 2.1. Pharmacology and chemistry of Aspirin Plant ingredient salicin was discovered in the willow bark and leaves in the 17th century by a greek physician (Hippocrates) who prescribed it as an analgesic and antipyretic. Further into the 17th century a crude form of salicylic acid was made by a German scientist (Charles Frederic von Gerhardt). This was followed by production of a purer form of salicylic acid by another German chemist (Karl Johann Kraut). Finally in 1897 a German chemist Felix Hoffmann, who worked for the pharmaceutical company Bayer, was assigned the task to find a better derivative of salicylic acid. He also had his own personal reasons for wanting to find a better derivative. His father had been taking salicylic acid for his arthritis pain but could no longer take it without vomiting3,7. In 1889 Hoff man then found a way of acetylating the hydroxyl group on the benzene ring of salicylic acid to form acetylsalicylic acid. Hoffman father tried the new derivative and it was pronounced effective. The name ‘ASPIRIN was given to the drug by Bayer chief pharmacologist Henrich Dreser7. Aspirin was found to have antipyretic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. It does this by inhibiting cyclo-oxygenase(COX) or prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase(PGHS) enzyme irreversibly. COX is responsible for cyclizing arachidonic acid and adds the 15-hydroperoxy group to form PGG2 which is the precursor to prostaglandins. An enzyme perioxidase is responsible for reducing the hydroperoxy group of PGG2 to the hydroxyl group of PGH2.(4)(See Figure 15- prostaglandins synthesis) Prostaglandins can be described as chemical mediators that produce a variety of strong physiological effects in the body. Most importantly they are responsible for the activation of the inflammatory response, production of pain, and fever. There are three isoforms of the COX enzyme of which aspirin has an effect on two which are COX-1 and COX-2. Aspirin binds covalently modifiying COX-1 through acetylation of its Ser-530 and COX-2 through acetylation of its serine 516 residue by placing a bulky constituent (acetyl) and this directly inhibits binding of arachidonic acid. Aspirins action is more potent against COX-1 than against COX-2. This difference in inhibition of the two COX enzymes by aspirin is due to the larger volume of the COX-2 active site produced by the Val-523 substitution at the side pocket. (1,7, 9) The difference in the size of the active site has been exploited by pharmaceutical companies to develop selective COX-2 inhibitors (section 4) COX-1 is an essential enzyme expressed in majority of tissues and also in platelets. It is responsible for prostaglandin production involved in homeostatic mechanisms e.g. platelet aggregation, gastric wall protection, regulation of renal blood flow and initiation of labour in childbirth. In contrast, COX-2, is an inducible form which becomes up regulated by inflammatory mediators such as cytokine (Interleukin and tumour necrosis factor). 2.2 The problems associated with aspirin(1, 10) a. Unwanted effects GASTRIC PROBLEMS The inhibition of COX 1 can produce gastric disturbances as an unwanted effect because the prostaglandin production in the GI tract is a homeostatic mechanism to protect the gastric mucosa. It causes inherent symptoms like heartburn; dyspepsia, nausea, and abdominal pain. (1, 10)This effect can cause Aspirin users to change or discontinue its use. Some of these inherent symptoms are quite common for most NSAIDs. Secondly it can also causes gastro duodenal mucosal lesions such as erosions and asymptomatic ulcers, which may or may not heal spontaneously; and finally more serious gastro ulcers with life-threatening complications like perforation, symptomatic ulcers, and bleeding ulcers. Symptoms of this could be black, bloody, or tar like stools or vomiting/coughing up blood REYES SYNDROME Reyes syndrome is a collection of symptoms consisting of altered consciousness, convulsions, low blood glucose, and enlargement of the liver associated with fatty infiltration of the liver. It is a deadly disease, which can strike any child, teenager, or adult without warning. All body organs are normally affected, but the liver and brain are antagonised the most. In 1965 it was stipulated that Reyess syndrome can be caused by the administration of aspirin in children under 16years of age. There is no discovered mechanism for the role of salicylate in this but it is thought that aspirin enhances the release of tumour necrosis factor which induces apoptosis of cells which can cause inflammation, viral replication e.t.c. SALICYLISM This is caused by the excessive ingestion of aspirin. There are two main pathways in the metabolism of aspirin. (10)Phase 1 reaction that involves the oxidation of aspirin to salicylic acid by a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase. By addition of a reactive group (OH) to get it ready for conjugation to a soluble component and hence aid excretion. This conjugation involves the attachment of small polar molecules glycine and gluconoride to salicylic acid. This results in further deactivation of the aspirin and the production of water-soluble metabolites that will be readily excreted in the urine or bile. The pathway conjugated with glycine, is the one that is easily overloaded in cases of toxicity. Thus elimination of salicylic acid slows down and accumulation leads to a variety of side effects. Below are the pathways showing oxidation and conjugation. This excess salicylate produces toxic effects include below. Ringing in ears Hyperventilation which causes increase in CO2- respiratory alkalosis, Dehydration: increased water loss due to hyperventilation Loss of carbonic acid metabolic acidosis. This in turn will reduce the blood pH, and make aspirin return to its non-ionised form allowing free aspirin in the blood stream. Hyperthermia. These pathways overload uncouples the energy producing processes (oxidative phosphorylation) of the mitochondria thus causing production of heat rather than ATP. Fatality especially in children Interactions with other drugs Reduced effect of aspirin if given with ibuprofen and avoid concomitant use of aspirin with NSAIDS due to increased side effects. Increase risk of bleeding when aspirin is given with coumarins, SSRIs, clopidogrel, illoprost, and sibutramine, Aspirin enhances effect of Heparins, Phenytoin, Valporate, Aspirin antagonises effect of Spirolactone, Sulfinpyrazone and Probenacid Rate of excretion of aspirin is increases by some antacids. The effect of aspirin on the gastrointestinal tract may be enhanced by the intake of alcohol and corticosteroids. 3. NON STEROIDAL ANTINFLAMMATORY DRUGS NON SELECTIVE COX INHIBITORS (Christina) 3.1 Isozymes of Cyclooxygenase Cyclooxygenase has various isozymes. The main isozymes are COX-1 and COX-2, however there is now evidence of a third form- COX-3. COX, originally known as prostaglandin H synthase is responsible for the oxidation of arachadonic acid to prostaglandin G2 and prostaglandin H2. It catalyses the reaction in which the arachadonic acid substrate and two molecules of O2 are converted to prostaglandin G2 and then in the perioxidase reaction Prostaglandin G2 is reduced to PGH2 by a 2 electron reduction. The COX isozymes are heme containing enzymes that are homodimers. Each monomer contains three main domains; A membrane binding domain, a N-terminal epidermal growth factor domain and a C-terminal catalytic domain. COX-1 is made up of 602 amino acids while COX-2 is comprised of 604.3 The catalytic reaction in COX takes place in a hydrophobic channel in the core of the enzyme while the peroxidise reaction takes place in the heme containing region near the surface of the enzyme. The membrane binding domain consists of four alpha helices with one helix that fuses with the catalytic domain. These helices congregate around an opening and through these openings fatty acids and NSAIDS are considered to enter the active site. The COX-1 isozyme is considered a constitutive enzyme. It is present in high volumes in most cells and tissues i.e. renal collecting tubules, monocytes, endothelium etc. However COX-2 is hardly noticeable in most cells, it is an inducible enzyme so it becomes more abundant in cells or tissues when macrophages are activated or by any other inflammation mediators e.g. TNF-a (tumor necrosis factor-alpha) or IL-1 (interleukin-1).5 Both COX-1 and COX-2 isozymes are attatched to the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope. The COX isozymes need to be N-linked glycosylated to enable them to be folded and attatched to the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope. The COX isozymes have very similar structures for their binding site, catalytic mechanisms and produce the same biosynthetic products3 COX-3 COX-3 a third isozyme was discovered in 2002 by Simmons and co-workers. They conducted a study on dogs and this resulted in them discovering a novel COX-1 splice variant termed COX-3 that was sensitive to acetaminophen (paracetamol). It was suspected for a while that acetaminophen worked by inhibiting a different specific isozyme due to the fact that it did not directly inhibit COX-1 and COX-2 very effectively at therapeutic concentrations but it generated prostanoids in neuronal systems. 3, 15 The Simmons and co-worker group showed that acetaminophen was the actual target for COX-3, and that it acted separately from COX-1 and COX-2. 3 Canine COX-3 is a membrane bound protein consisting of 613 amino acids with a molecular weight of ~65 kDa. It has a high expression in cells and tissues like COX-1 suggesting it may be a constitutive enzyme. However the question that needs to be asked is if generalisations can truly be made on the presence of COX-3 in humans based on Canine studies, so future experiments need to be designed to clarify whether a human COX-3 actually does exist that acts independently from COX-1 and COX-2 in vivo. 14 NSAIDs are known to inhibit COX in order for them to exhibit their anti-inflammatory actions, a structural NSAID binding study was carried out. The COX-1 active site contains a long hydrophobic channel that extends from the membrane binding domain to the core of the COX monomer. The tip of the COX active site houses Tyr385 that is located near the heme iron. Ser530 is positioned just below Tyr385 and that is the site for aspirin acetylation. Glu524 and Arg120 are positioned at the mouth of the COX-1 channel. A typical NSAID such as fluobriprofen, when introduced to the COX enzyme, its carboxylate moiety is usually directed towards the mouth of the COX-1 channel in order for it to be positioned in the most ideal place that will allow it to interact with the two polar residues Glu524 and Arg120. From these studies a better insight into the binding profiles of NSAIDs were observed. Non selective NSAIDs can bind in three different ways: Reversibly (e.g. Ibuprofen) Fast, low affinity reversible binding followed by a higher affinity, time dependant slowly reversible binding (e.g. fluobriprofen) Rapid, reversible binding followed by a covalent modification of the enzyme (e.g. Aspirin) 3 Arg120, Glu524, Tyr355 and His90 form a network of hydrogen bonds at the entrance of the COX channel acting like a gate to the binding site. NSAIDs generally bind between the upper portion of the COX channel near Tyr 385 and Arg 120 which is at the mouth of the COX channel. 3 Through the use of hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interactions, the carboxyl moiety of acidic NSAIDs like fluoribiprofen interact with Arg120 in both COX isozymes. The significant differences in the structure of the binding sites for both COX isozymes has been manipulated to enable the design of selective COX-2 inhibitors. In the COX-2 active site there is an extra accessible pocket due to the presence of a smaller valine amino acid residue at position 523 and a valine substitution at position 434, unlike COX-1, this difference increases the overall volume at the COX-2 active site by about 20%. 1 This means that due to reduced steric and ionic crowding at the mouth of the channel by Arg120, non acidic selective COX-2 inhibitors can show an enhanced and specific binding to the COX-2 enzyme. Another structural difference exists at the amino acid residue 513 where COX-1 has a histidine residue and COX-2 has an arginine moiety. 1 These small differences provides flexibility in the substrates that can be utilised in the COX-2 active site. 3.2 Problems Associated With Non Selective Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs NSAIDs are one group of drugs that are regularly used by the worlds population to relieve pain, reduce inflammation and lower temperature. They are COX inhibitors and act to inhibit the catalysation of arachadonic acid to PGH2. COX-1 is constitutively present in most cells while COX-2 is induced by chemical mediators of inflammation and activated macrophages.13 COX-1 and COX-2 as mentioned above have 2 specific roles. The 1st role gives PGG2 and the other role is in the peroxidise reaction that gives PGH2. Both COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors work by inhibiting the 1st and main role i.e. inhibiting the conversion of arachadonic acid to PGG2. COX-1 and COX-2 possesses hydrophobic channels within their core. The classical NSAIDs exhibit their effects by blocking these enzymes halfway down the COX channel near Tyr385 and the Arg120 which is at the mouth of the COX channel by hydrogen bonding to the Arg120 residue. This results in the prohibition of any fatty acid substrates from entering the catalytic domain of the COX enzyme.3 In COX-1, these drugs tend to inhibit the enzyme quickly yet generally the inhibition is often reversible, however in COX-2 the inhibition is time dependant and often results in irreversible inhibition. As mentioned before, the COX-1 and COX-2 isozyme differ slightly. In the COX-2 active site there is an extra accessible side pocket due to the presence of a smaller valine amino acid residue at position 523 instead of isoleucin as in COX-1. This is important for understanding why some NSAIDs are selective for the COX-2 isozyme.13 There are a number of side effects associated with traditional NSAID therapy. NSAIDs can cause renal failure, liver damage/disorders, aseptic meningitis, skin reactions and bone marrow disturbances which can interfere with bone fracture healing. However amongst them all gastrointestinal (GI) toxicities is amongst the most common. These are believed to arise from the inhibition of COX-1 in the gastric mucosa.14 GI toxicities In humans and other species it has been shown that COX-1 not COX-2 is constitutively expressed throughout the GI tract.13 COX-1 is responsible for the synthesis of prostaglandins like PGE2 and PGI2 which are responsible for protecting the GI mucosa by reducing acid secretion in the stomach by the parietal cells, increasing blood flow in the mucosa and stimulating the release of viscous mucous. This leads to conditions of ulcers, dyspepsia, diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting and can even lead to gastric bleeding in some cases. These undesirable side effects have led to the development of COX-2 selective inhibitors. These drugs are effective anti-inflammatorys and reflect good analgesic effects. They have considerable less gastric damage due to the fact they selectively inhibit COX-2 with minimal action on COX-1. Unfortunately the use of COX-2 selective drugs has been associated with increased incidence of myocardial infarction and stroke.3 Renal effects Prostaglandins especially PGE2 and PGI2 are involved in regulating renal blood flow and vascular tone. Recent studies have shown that COX-2 is constitutively expressed in the macula densa, epithelia cells lining the ascending loop of henle and medullary interstitial cells of the renal papillae, while COX-1 is constitutively expressed in the collecting ducts, loop of henle and in the vasculature. The COX-2 enzyme is associated with normal renal function and inhibition of COX-2 results in NSAID-induced sodium retention while inhibition of COX-1 results in a disease in glomerular filtration rate.3 This conclusively tells us that both COX-1 and COX-2 are involved in the physiology of the kidneys. However therapeutic doses in patients with normal renal function are at little risk of renal complications. It is mostly neonates and the elderly who are more susceptible as well as patients with heart, liver or kidney disease. 4. SELECTIVE COX 2 INHIBITORS (Nadine) 4.1 Reasoning behind selective inhibition 4.2 Benefits and risks 5. MECHANISM OF ACTION OF COX INHIBITORS IN HUMAN DISEASES 5.1 Analgesic (Joyce) Pain can be defined as an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage. Pain is a self protection mechanism which helps of forces us to identify danger and move away from it. It is one of the main symptoms used to identify a condition in medicine. Removing pain is very essential in terms of either eliminating the disease or condition or in fact suppressing its effect. This can be done by the use of medicines called analgesics. Pain receptors also called nociceptors are present on special nerve fibres that are sensitive to noxious of harmless stimuli. The stimulation of these receptors are on A-delta and C-fibers which are located in skin, connective tissue, viscera, muscle e.t.c. COX inhibitors act by blocking transmission to peripheral nerves. Pain associated with I. Arthritis Arthritis is the inflammation of joints. The inflammation and movement of the joints cause extreme pain in the sufferer. There are two major types a. Osteoarthritis(10) This is a chronic disease that features the breakdown of the joints cartilage. Cartilage is flexible connective tissue found in between joints that cushions or protects the ends of the bones and allows easy mobility of joints. This breakdown of cartilage causes the bones to rub against each other creating friction, causing joint tension, pain and loss of mobility in the joint. There are different types of arthritis of which osteoarthritis is most common; it can also be referred to a degenerative joint disease. There are two types of osteoarthritis, primary of which is associated with old age, general wear and tear of the cartilage. And secondary where it occurs where there is a cause example obesity, trauma, or hereditary. Treatment: Paracetamol may be considered as first line therapy for Osteoarthritis patients with mild to moderate pain. If the pain does not respond to paracetamol or patient has severe symptoms then other traditional NSAIDs like Ibuprofen, diclofenac or coxibs should be used. Coxibs have shown to produce reduced GI side effects. However they have the probability of increasing cardiovascular risk because they inhibit prostacyclin production in endothelial cells but not thromboxane in platelets, hence this can increase the chance of a thrombus formation. The choice of a coxib or a specific NSAID should be based on the patient characteristics and risk factors. b. Rheumatoid arthritis(12 ) This is an autoimmune disease of unknown origin whose major characteristic is the inflammation and erosion of the synovial membrane or synovium. This membrane lines and surrounds the joint and synovial cavity. The synovium secretes a slightly viscous, clear fluid known as synovial fluid, which lubricates cavity that lies between the cartilage and joint on the bone. In Rheumatoid arthritis accumulation of the synovial fluid builds up within the joint space and causes inflammation. This makes the joint look and feel swollen. Rubor occurs do to the increased blood flow to the area because of inflammation. In conditions of long-term RA, joint degeneration can occur causing mobility to be very painful and restricted. Treatment: Aspirin used to be used to treat RA but because of its GI toxicity. The use of aspirin as first line of therapy has been superceded by other NSAIDs. There are a large number of NSAIDs that have been invented since aspirin, but have similarities in toxicities e.g. Ibuprofen, naproxen meloxicam, etodolac selective COX-2 inhibitors have been invented to control inflammation. These drugs were designed to combat the gastrointestinal risk of NSAIDS, but there are concerns of increases in cardiovascular risk. II. Cancer (11) Can be defined as an abnormal growth of cells as when a group ofcellsdisplayuncontrolled division,invasion, and sometimesmetastasis. Cells become cancer cells because of its damaging effect to the DNA of the cell. A normal cell will try to repair damaged DNA but in a cancer cell it replicates with the damaged DNA. The cancer cell continues making new cells that the body does not require. The most common cause of cancer pain is infiltration of the tumour into bone. Bone metastases occur as a consequence of different types of cancer. Another mechanism of pain apart from bone metastasis is the secretion of Prostaglandins by carcinomas. For this reason, NSAIDs should be included in any regimen to control pain associated with bone metastasis. Because NSAIDs do not activate opioid receptors, they can provide additional pain relief when combined with an opioid analgesic. Thus, combining an NSAID with an opioid analgesic may provide adequate pain control with a clinically significant reduction in opioid dose. This opioid-sparing effect of NSAID therapy allows the clinician to diminish the side effects associated with opioid therapy without sacrificing pain control. Coxibs: Another Option for Cancer Pain Management(11) The recent introduction of the coxibs, on their use in cancer patients is still being studied. Oncologists are replacing NSAIDs, with the use of coxib, because of the improved safety profile compared to traditional agents. Surgical oncologists are exploring the use of coxibs both preoperatively and during the post-operative period to reduce opioid usage in order to speed the recovery process 5.2 Anti-pyretic (Nadine) 5.3 Anti-inflammatory (Christina) To date there are over 100 inflammatory diseases- each of which causes the degeneration of connective tissue in one or more parts of the body. These include: Rheumatoid Arthritis Osteoarthritis Atherosclerosis Irritable Bowel Disease Alzheimers and many more. Inflammation is characterised by dolor, rubor, calor and tubor, its one of the bodys ways of responding to harmful stimuli, pathogens, injury or disease. These usually initiate an acute or chronic inflammatory response. Arthritis is a general term used to characterise inflammation in the joints. Rheumatoid arthritis describes arthritis that occurs on both sides of the body i.e symmetrical. These usually occur in the wrists, hands and knees. It is not known what causes this disease many theories have been put forward but it happens when the immune system begins to attack the joints. A number of anti-inflammatory drugs are available worldwide and are widely used to relieve pain, swelling and inflammation associated with soft tissue inflammation. A number of these drugs act via the inhibition of COX. When you experience pain and inflammation from arthritis, an increase in microvascular permeability occurs selectively in post-capillary venules. The endothelial cells undergo conformational change leading to vascular leakage through gaps between the adjacent endothelial cells. At the site of injury phagocytes are attracted and move into the affected tissue along with plasma. The plasma causes the associated swelling observed in inflammation and the phagocytes engulf dead cells and bacteria. Prostanoic acids are

The Ups And Downs Of Love :: essays research papers

The Ups And Downs of Love Love is a constant. Although it comes in many forms and many different ways love cannot be changed and has existed since the dawn of time. No matter where you are in the world, love is still the same thing, it is universal and is experienced by everyone in their lifetime. Poetry has been used for centuries to express feelings and emotions and is the most effective way to express love. Poets have been able to show all aspects of love, the ups and the downs throughout time. â€Å"Lucy Poems† by William Wordsworth, portray both sides of love in his â€Å"Lucy Poems†. He describes the contrasting feelings that come with love both the, brilliant ups of being in love when the poet describes his love for Lucy, and the deep depressing loss of losing a loved one. Wordsworth is was one of the first romantic poets, having a new, modern approach towards poetry which in his time was unheard of, he felt poetry should be about emotions and feelings, it shouldn’t be inhibited or stifled by politics or city social life and this is reflected in all of his poems. â€Å"She Dwelt Among Untrodden Ways† is the last in the â€Å"Lucy Poems Series† in which Lucy dies. The poet describes Lucy as A Maid whom there were none to praise ; And very few to love† and that â€Å"She lived unknown† however, despite the fact that she was not renowned, he still felt great loss and grief over her death, which is a sign of true love. Wordswo rth says â€Å"But she is in her grave, and oh, The difference to me!† and his life would never be the same after this one single event. Robert Browning with â€Å"Porphyria’s Lover† shows another side of love, desire and how quickly this desire can lead to madness. The poem is written in a more methodical, less emotional manner, being a characteristic of the Victorian Era in which Browning was writing. It tells the story of Porphyria who returns home to her love. Browning has portrayed a very different mindset in this poem, with the subject of the poem not being in a secure frame of mind, but on the edge of insanity. Porphyria worshipped him and he thought of he obviously felt the same emotions towards her â€Å"Porphyria worshiped me: surprise Made my heart swell, and still it grew† However, his actions do not correspond to love in a traditional sense in the paragraph:

Toxic Effects of Aluminum and Their Probable Association with Dialysis

Toxic Effects of Aluminum and Their Probable Association with Dialysis Encephalopathy Reports on the neurotoxic properties of Aluminum (Al++), as well as those of many other heavy metals, date as far back as the end of the nineteenth century. In 1965, Al was found to induce the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in animal brains. These NFT’s were similar to those found in brains of patients suffering from Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Vast research thus, was targeted at defining the possible etiologic role of Al in AD. However, several findings, among them the fact that Al++ induced NFT’s are structurally different than those found in AD, have contributed to reducing the importance placed on Al++ as an etiologic factor of AD. The Al++ theory, however, still remains a theory, and further research needs to be done before it can be disproved. In 1970, Alfrey and collaborators described a disease called dialysis encephalopathy (DE). This degenerative disease was seen in renal failure patients who had been undergoing dialysis. Studies following this initial report have implicated Al++ intoxication as a probable cause for the development of the disease. The purpose of this paper will be to describe the possible mechanisms by which Al may in fact act as a contributory factor the in induction of neural degeneration that may lead to DE. The neurological problems associated with chronic renal failure and its consequent treatment, namely hemodialysis, can be either acute or chronic. When acute, the patient develops a set of symptoms collectively referred to as dialysis disequilibrium syndrome (DDS). This syndrome presents with a transient loss or alteration of the sense of equilibrium due to disturbances to the vestibular sy... ...on, G., Cogdill, K., Jope, R. Oral Aluminum Alters In Vitro Protein Phosphorylation and Kinase Activities in Rat Brain. Neurobiology of Aging, 11: 209-16 (1990). 5) Johnson, G., Li, X., Jope, R. Aluminum Increases Agonist Stimulated Cyclic AMP Production in Rat Cerebral Cortical Slices. Journal of Neurochemistry, 53: 258-63 (1989). 6) Kerr, D., Ward, M., Ellis, H., Simpson, W. Aluminum Intoxication in Renal Disease. CIBA-Found-Symposium, 169: 123-41 (1992). 7) Langui, D., Probst, A., Anderton, B. Aluminum Induced Tangles in Cultured Rat Neurons. Acta Neuropathol., 80: 649-55 (1990). 8) Meiri, H., Banin, E., Roll, M., Rousseau, A. Toxic Effects of Aluminum on Nerve Cells and Synaptic Transmission. Progress in Neurobiology, 40: 89-121 (1993). 9) Wisniewski, H., Wen, G. Aluminum and Alzheimer’s Disease. CIBA-Found-Symposium, 169: 142-64 (1992). Toxic Effects of Aluminum and Their Probable Association with Dialysis Toxic Effects of Aluminum and Their Probable Association with Dialysis Encephalopathy Reports on the neurotoxic properties of Aluminum (Al++), as well as those of many other heavy metals, date as far back as the end of the nineteenth century. In 1965, Al was found to induce the formation of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in animal brains. These NFT’s were similar to those found in brains of patients suffering from Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). Vast research thus, was targeted at defining the possible etiologic role of Al in AD. However, several findings, among them the fact that Al++ induced NFT’s are structurally different than those found in AD, have contributed to reducing the importance placed on Al++ as an etiologic factor of AD. The Al++ theory, however, still remains a theory, and further research needs to be done before it can be disproved. In 1970, Alfrey and collaborators described a disease called dialysis encephalopathy (DE). This degenerative disease was seen in renal failure patients who had been undergoing dialysis. Studies following this initial report have implicated Al++ intoxication as a probable cause for the development of the disease. The purpose of this paper will be to describe the possible mechanisms by which Al may in fact act as a contributory factor the in induction of neural degeneration that may lead to DE. The neurological problems associated with chronic renal failure and its consequent treatment, namely hemodialysis, can be either acute or chronic. When acute, the patient develops a set of symptoms collectively referred to as dialysis disequilibrium syndrome (DDS). This syndrome presents with a transient loss or alteration of the sense of equilibrium due to disturbances to the vestibular sy... ...on, G., Cogdill, K., Jope, R. Oral Aluminum Alters In Vitro Protein Phosphorylation and Kinase Activities in Rat Brain. Neurobiology of Aging, 11: 209-16 (1990). 5) Johnson, G., Li, X., Jope, R. Aluminum Increases Agonist Stimulated Cyclic AMP Production in Rat Cerebral Cortical Slices. Journal of Neurochemistry, 53: 258-63 (1989). 6) Kerr, D., Ward, M., Ellis, H., Simpson, W. Aluminum Intoxication in Renal Disease. CIBA-Found-Symposium, 169: 123-41 (1992). 7) Langui, D., Probst, A., Anderton, B. Aluminum Induced Tangles in Cultured Rat Neurons. Acta Neuropathol., 80: 649-55 (1990). 8) Meiri, H., Banin, E., Roll, M., Rousseau, A. Toxic Effects of Aluminum on Nerve Cells and Synaptic Transmission. Progress in Neurobiology, 40: 89-121 (1993). 9) Wisniewski, H., Wen, G. Aluminum and Alzheimer’s Disease. CIBA-Found-Symposium, 169: 142-64 (1992).

julius caesar - flattery :: essays research papers

In William Shakespeare's tragic play Julius Caesar, an under appreciated factor of flattery and persuasion plays an important role in the choices of the leaders. Cassius uses flattery with Brutus. Decius uses flattery with Caesar, and Antony uses flattery with Brutus. Cassius persuades and flatters Brutus. Cassius knows that Caesar would do harm to Rome if he became leader. Brutus would be a powerful force in the conspirator's movement to kill Caesar before Caesar becomes king and destroys Rome. Cassius really needs Brutus on his side, so in order to persuade Brutus, he uses lots of flattery. Whenever Cassius talks to Brutus he throws in "good Brutus", "gentle Brutus" or "dear Brutus" to make Brutus feel comfortable and confident. He also uses overlooked flattery when speaking to Brutus. Cassius realizes all his sweet talk has done well when he responds to Brutus with "I am glad/That my weak words have struck but thus much show of fire from Brutus" (I, ii, 8). By this, he means that his words have lit a flame, or triggered a though in "the great" Brutus's head. Decius uses flattery and persuasion when speaking to Brutus. Decius is an active member of the Conspirators so he is very motivated into getting Caesar to go to the Senate House. The first thing that Decius says when he walks into Caesar's house is "Caesar, all hail! Good morrow, worthy Caesar" (II, ii, 30). Decius also goes on and calls Caesar "most mighty". Decius is already on Caesar's good side. After catching up on Calpurnia's dream, he uses his quick wit to distort Calpurnia's foreshadowing dream by saying it is "misinterpreted". He explains that the dream "Signifies that from (Caesar) Rome shall suck/Reviving blood, and that great men shall press/for tinctures, stains, relics, and cognizance" (II, ii, 31). Caesar seems to be amazed by this version of the interpretation; in fact, he likes this version a lot better mainly because Decius uses so much flattery. Antony deceives Brutus and the other conspirators with his keen wit and his sweet talk. After a brief minute of expressing sorrow, Antony goes right into saying "Friends am I with you all, and love you all" (III, I, 42). Antony is using flattery in order to get Brutus on his good side so he can speak in the order of Caesar's funeral. Antony asks Brutus if he can, Brutus agrees without hesitation. julius caesar - flattery :: essays research papers In William Shakespeare's tragic play Julius Caesar, an under appreciated factor of flattery and persuasion plays an important role in the choices of the leaders. Cassius uses flattery with Brutus. Decius uses flattery with Caesar, and Antony uses flattery with Brutus. Cassius persuades and flatters Brutus. Cassius knows that Caesar would do harm to Rome if he became leader. Brutus would be a powerful force in the conspirator's movement to kill Caesar before Caesar becomes king and destroys Rome. Cassius really needs Brutus on his side, so in order to persuade Brutus, he uses lots of flattery. Whenever Cassius talks to Brutus he throws in "good Brutus", "gentle Brutus" or "dear Brutus" to make Brutus feel comfortable and confident. He also uses overlooked flattery when speaking to Brutus. Cassius realizes all his sweet talk has done well when he responds to Brutus with "I am glad/That my weak words have struck but thus much show of fire from Brutus" (I, ii, 8). By this, he means that his words have lit a flame, or triggered a though in "the great" Brutus's head. Decius uses flattery and persuasion when speaking to Brutus. Decius is an active member of the Conspirators so he is very motivated into getting Caesar to go to the Senate House. The first thing that Decius says when he walks into Caesar's house is "Caesar, all hail! Good morrow, worthy Caesar" (II, ii, 30). Decius also goes on and calls Caesar "most mighty". Decius is already on Caesar's good side. After catching up on Calpurnia's dream, he uses his quick wit to distort Calpurnia's foreshadowing dream by saying it is "misinterpreted". He explains that the dream "Signifies that from (Caesar) Rome shall suck/Reviving blood, and that great men shall press/for tinctures, stains, relics, and cognizance" (II, ii, 31). Caesar seems to be amazed by this version of the interpretation; in fact, he likes this version a lot better mainly because Decius uses so much flattery. Antony deceives Brutus and the other conspirators with his keen wit and his sweet talk. After a brief minute of expressing sorrow, Antony goes right into saying "Friends am I with you all, and love you all" (III, I, 42). Antony is using flattery in order to get Brutus on his good side so he can speak in the order of Caesar's funeral. Antony asks Brutus if he can, Brutus agrees without hesitation.

Showing Off (Short Essay)

Essay by Mariss Kaminskis Showing off. Showing off is a way to tell people about something good you own or are capable of, for example, do a backflip. In the story, to my way of thinking, Clara did not show off. But since the teacher said i can write about showing off, i will write about it. Showing off can be seen everywhere and about everything, for example, sports or even lawn mowing. Most people show off to impress someone or just to show how cool and awesome you are.It’s almost like bragging but in this case you can really do it not just tell people what you can do. If you want to tell about something amazing you own you can actually show that thing to that person. For example- I have a TV with a 42 inch diagonal. If you come over I can show you. The most common field where you see showing off is sports. Hockey players show off, football players show off, basketball players show off, all kinds of athletes show off. Mostly they show off their skills.Let’s take a pop ular football player –Cristiano Ronaldo. He just adores showing off his dribbling skills on the pitch. Most popular basketball player – LeBron James. He just loves to shoot the ball in the basket without missing for a long time. Popular hockey player – Pavel Datsyuk. Probably the most skilled player ever. He can’t live without his skill moves to get pass defenders. So showing off is just a way to look awesome. I don’t like those people who show off or brag. But I do own a TV with a 42 inch diagonal†¦ I really do!

Servequal Model

SERVEQUAL MODEL (Measuring Service Quality of Hospitals in Larkana) Author 1: Sumeet Seedani (SZABIST) Contact #: 03333633233 Email: [email  protected] com Author 2: Naveed Anwar Contact number: 03562141247 Email address: [email  protected] szabist. edu. pk Table of contents: Abstract03 Introduction and04 Literature Review05 Importance07 Research Methodology08 Five Dimensions (Variables)09 Data Analysis10 Findings11 Conclusion12 Bibliography13 ABSTRACTService quality is a concept that has stimulated considerable interest and debate in the research literature because of the difficulties in both defining and measuring it. Customer satisfaction and service quality always treated together as customer’s perception and expectation, and the gap will show the result of the total satisfaction. The aim of the study is to rank the 5 dimensions of the service quality to measure the service quality of hospitals in larkana with the help of SERVEQUAL Model.This study also examines the Se rvice quality gap by measuring the gap between Hospital’s patient’s expectations and perceptions. This research shows that all the dimensions of the service are very much important for the service quality. Tangibility was rated as the most important dimension followed by assurance, reliability, responsiveness and empathy. The questionnaire used for this study was â€Å"SERVICE Quality: SERVEQUAL (Parasuraman, Zeithaml, and Berry 1986, 1988)†. The measurements used were on the basis of SERVEQUAL Model which is the best way to measure the service quality.This study state that the expectations were so much high but the perceptions are not that much strong and there is a huge gap between Patient’s Expectations and perception. Key words: Service quality, Customer satisfaction, perception and expectation, gap, Tangibility, assurance, reliability, responsiveness empathy. Introduction SERVEQUAL model is a method to measure a service quality. It was created in 198 0’s especially for the projects related to marketing to find the perception of customer regarding the service quality.In SERVEQUAL, quality is defined through the gap or space which customer got and perceive regarding the service quality. It’s very difficult to understand and measure the service quality, especially in the field of service providers in health care field and if we talk about the larkana than its more complex that’s why I choose the SERVEQUAL model to measure the service quality of Larkana hospitals and medical centers to know the effect of service quality on the customer perception.This research examines the measurement of service quality in hospitals of larkana, through the help of SERVEQUAL model to know, what are the gaps between, the service perceived and got by the customers or patients in the larkana. Service quality is all about ensuring customers, both internal and external, get what they want. Customer satisfaction is a attitude or feelin g of customer toward the service after using the service. Satisfaction and service quality is always treated together to know the perception.Satisfaction is defining customer perception and expectation, customer satisfactions is determined by defining customer perception of quality, expectation and preferences. It’s always arises a important question that why we measure the service quality? Because the measurement of service quality, is a comparison of before and after changes for the service quality. It also gives the solution of the problem for the betterment of service delivery standard.The main purpose of this research is to find the most important service quality dimensions that affect the customer satisfactions in hospitals in larkana, by using the SERVEQUAL model which is the best way to measure the service quality. Measuring the service quality is very crucial for the hospitals today, to improve the quality and image of the hospital, to study the importance and impact of service quality of hospitals on patients, to find the important dimensions of service quality which effect on customer satisfactions in hospitals and to determine customer need in their treatment in hospitals in larkana.In last few decades the importance of service quality has increased and every industries and departments are trying to find the reasons which effect the customer perception and satisfaction, and trying to give better quality that’s why this research is also very important to measure the service quality of hospitals via SERVEQUAL model. SERVEQUAL breaks service quality in five basic dimensions, Reliability, assurance, tangibles, understanding and responsiveness.So in this research these five dimensions are also considered and examine to measure the service quality and factors which effect the perception of customer towards the service quality. Literature review: This part gives you an overview of literature about the models related to the problem statement which discussed in introduction. In this we study about the concept of customer satisfaction, service quality, relation between customer satisfaction and service quality and its effect on consumer mind, traditional service quality dimensions and hospital’s service quality in order to give a clear idea about the research area.As it is discussed by Kotler (2003); there is a general agreement that: Satisfaction is a person’s feelings of pleasure or disappointment resulting from comparing a product’s perceived performance (outcome) in relation to his or her expectations. Based on this review, customer satisfaction is defined as the result of a cognitive and addictive evaluation, where some comparison standard is compared to the actually perceived performance.Furthermore, Omachonu (1990); stated that Health care quality has been posited to consist of two parts: quality in fact and quality as perceived by the consumer. Means how actually customer perceived the service quality and how its experience during the availing of the service, and every customer having its own perception. Another side it is argued that satisfaction is associated with performance that fulfils the expectation, while dissatisfaction occurs when performance falls below the expectation (Swan and combs 1976).This review based that when the service quality meet the customer expectation they satisfy and when service quality doesn’t meet with the customer expectation they got dissatisfied and they never avail that service, means there is a huge relation between the service quality on customer perception, because when customer once satisfy from the service quality he/she again avail that service because he make his mind set about that particular industry.Health care practitioners would contend that service quality is a provision of appropriate and technically sound care that produces the desire affect; however it has been misperceive their patient’s perception sometim es (McAlexander et al 1994).Means the service providers in hospital industry always trying to introduce new technologies to give the good service quality to their patients to change their mind and perception and to satisfy them by meet their expectation but sometimes some patients misperceive it and take it in a another side which is a loss for the hospitals, that’s why it is always difficult to measure the service quality specially in the field of hospital industry but it’s important for every department and industry now. As Dr. K.Ravichandran et al (2010) defining that every retail industries are consequently directing their strategies towards increasing service quality level which fosters customer satisfaction and loyalty improved service quality. He further discussed that; increase in service quality in retail industry can develop customer satisfaction which ultimately retains valued customer. It review stated that in today’s era its very much important for any organization or any industry to increase service quality and do work according the customer expectation than any organization can got success in business world and through this a organization can retail the oyal and valuable customer. James H. mcAlexendar (1994) discussed in his research that marketer generally view the service quality from the perspective of health care customers because marketers understand that patients perception of service quality may be more broadly constructed than those of the health care provider and based upon a more holistic assessment of the health care experience. Because patient’s perspective regarding service quality may include perception of technical care but also seemingly peripheral concerns as physical facilities, interactions with receptionists and even brochures.It argued by the Kekale (2001) that it is some how the measurement of customer dissatisfaction and offers a possibility for the elimination of falls, not a possibility for pr oduct development and product innovation. Companies should gather and analyze the suitable data, which will provide relevant information to real customer satisfaction. It is important to measure the right things, i. e. what is really important for the Customers. There is the possibility of wrong specifications or misinterpretations of what a customer actually wants.Means the gap between what companies think and what actually customer wants can also affect the service quality. It is not always be true that performance will equal to expectation as described in International journal of nursing studies (2007) that performance was relatively lower than expectations, resulting in poor nursing care quality. Differences between expectations and performance for both patients and nurses need to be further reduced. As its also discussed by the Tolgo taner et al (1997) that there is different service quality provided in private and public sector.He further discussed that inpatients in the priva te hospital were more satisfied with service quality than those in public hospitals. The result also suggest that patients in private hospitals were more satisfied with doctors, nuerses and supportive than their counterparts in public hospitals. One research suggest that customers are reluctant to complain when dissatisfied with professional and when they dissatisfied they tell to more customers means it become the word of mouth. Andreasen et al 1985). This result could be the health care professional would bear the burden of having dissatisfied patients, including negative word of mouth and patient turn over. IMPORTANCE of the Research: A good research is effective tool for reader and for a society for many positive changes in the environment. Especially, if we talk about the service oriented organization than we come to know that the base for their success is that they study well about their customers.So this research is helpful to know that how much there is a gap between the cus tomer perception and expectation and how much they get satisfied after availing the service of hospitals located in the larkana. This study is especially design to measure the service quality of hospitals in the Larkana. This research is also important study for to know that which are the drawbacks in private hospital sector and are customers (patients) are satisfied or not? This study is important for doctors to know that what patients want from them and how some changes can improve their quality for their customers.METHODOLOGY DESIGN RESEARCH TYPE * This Research is based on exploratory format and it is developed from qualitative point of view. METHODS AND TECHNIQUES: * I distribute the Questionnaire to the respondents to know their views. * I used the SERVEQUAL model format for my Research, because it’s the best way to measure the service quality and I have use the licart scale in the options of the questions. * Questioner consists of 22 statements about perception and 22 statements about the expectations. * The questions are based on 5 dimensions: * Tangibility, assurance, reliability, responsiveness empathy.SAMPLE AND SAMPLE SIZE * I have chosen random sampling for data collection method, and sample size is 100. POPULATION AND RESPONDENTS * As research is based on the service quality of hospitals so I choose private hospital and center’s patients of Larkana as my population. I will mainly focus on the patients of different hospitals and centers located in larkana. STATISTICAL PROCESSING OF INFORMATION * The data which is collected have been analyzed in SPSS software for further results and findings, to measure the gap between expectation and perception of the patients.Five dimensions of the SERVEQUAL Model Data Analysis: Reliability test: Expectation Perception Reliability Statistics| Cronbach's Alpha| N of Items| .555| 22| Reliability Statistics| Cronbach's Alpha| N of Items| .917| 22| This is the reliability test of SERVEQUAL Model for ho spitals in larkana. If we look around the expectation side the reliability value is 0. 555, and the value of perception is 0. 917. Means there is high reliability at perception side. So the overall questioners are effective.Descriptive Analysis: Statistics Expectation| | tangible| reliable| responsiveness| Assurance| empathy| N| Valid| 100| 100| 100| 100| 99| | Missing| 1| 1| 1| 1| 2| Mean| 6. 31| 6. 16| 6. 37| 6. 75| 6. 34| Median| 6. 25| 6. 20| 6. 50| 6. 50| 6. 40| Mode| 7| 7| 7| 7| 7| Std. Deviation| . 550| . 618| . 661| 2. 570| . 687| Statistics Perception| | tangibileavg| reliabilityavg| responsivnessavg| assuranceavg| emphathyavg| N| Valid| 100| 100| 100| 100| 100| | Missing| 0| 0| 0| 0| 0| Mean| 4. 16| 4. 58| 4. 07| 4. 2500| 4. 1600| Median| 4. 00| 4. 60| 4. 00| 4. 000| 4. 2000| Mode| 4| 5| 4| 4. 50| 4. 00| Std. Deviation| 1. 229| 1. 107| 1. 147| 1. 15142| 1. 14486| Above two tables are showing the mean, median, mode and standard deviation of expectation and perception. The r esults clearly shows that the overall expectations are high than the perception, if we look to the values of mean at the expectation side is about 6 in all the variables but at the perception side it is about 4. So there is a still huge gap which shows that still there are people who are dis-satisfied from the services of Hospitals in Larkana.Same wise the median has averagely value is about 6. 5 in all the variables but at expectation side it is only 4. 5. Expectation side mode has value 7 in all the values but when it comes to perception it is only 4. Standard deviation also shows the huge difference between expectation of the customers and the service the perceived. These results clearly shows that there is still a gap which shows that the overall service quality of hospitals are not match or fulfill the expectations of the customers, that the main reason of increase rate of dissatisfied customers.The results also show that in assurance (knowledge and courtesy of employees and th eir ability to convey trust and confidence) people have more expectation but they perceived less in the Hospital’s of larkana. So we can finaly conclude that results are clearly showing the gap between the expectation and perception, which is huge gap. Conclusion & achievement Service quality is always a big topic to debate, because it’s difficult to understand and measure the service quality.We can simply define a service quality with the help of people expectation and perception about a certain field. As much as the gap is high the service quality is negative, but if there is a low gap or expectation and perception are equal it means there is a good service quality. This study is also done for the purpose to find and measure the service quality of hospitals in the larkana, with the help of SERVEQUAL Model, which is the worldwide best way to measure the SERVICE quality.The main purpose of conducted this study is to know the overall performance of the private hospitals . Because it’s very necessary that customer should be satisfied from the services than they can become the loyal with that particular industry or company. After conducting this research we come to know that there is still a huge gap between the expectations of the patients and the perception that they have perceived from the hospital, so it clearly shows the performance of hospitals in larkana.The other main drawback is that hospital’s are not understanding the basically needs of the customer, they shouldn’t provide them those services effectively which customer want from them. So we can conclude that maintain the service quality is very necessary for every organization especially in the field of medical, but in Larkana after doing the research we come to know that still there is a huge gap between expectation and perception and the overall services of hospitals are not up to that level and still they need to improve a lot to satisfy their customers (Patients).B IBLIOGRAPHY http://www. serviceperformance. com/articles/33_Five_Service_Dimensions. php http://www. proserv. nu/Docs/Servqual. pdf http://eprints. utm. my/9514/1/SeyedHosseinSiadatMFSKSM2008. pdf http://www. fm-kp. si/zalozba/ISSN/1854-4231/5_195-209. pdf http://www. journal-archieves14. webs. com/1397-1408. pdf http://www. eurojournals. com/IBBA_11_10. pdf

Making a Mega City in Bangladesh

â€Å"Making Mega City in Chittagong† We are owner of â€Å"Dream Properties Builders†. Our company mission is become number one company in properties business and vision is become a brand in Bangladesh. Our slogan is ‘We make your dream real’. Our main office in Chittagong at Jamal Khan road and in Dhaka at Rd11, Suhrawardy Ave, Baridhara. Our company taking a plan in Chittagong and this is making mega city. The project budget is one hundred and fifteen crore Taka and life is 10 year. In budget fifteen core taka for bank interest and one hundred core taka for other cost.Why we take this plan: In economists language Chittagong is heart of Bangladesh and recently our Government takes decision to expand Chittagong Port and make a deep sea port in Sonadia. After considering this we think in future Chittagong becomes an important place for people and business organization. In near future demand of apartments, shopping mall, commercial place etc will increase in Chittagong and this is profitable for us. Making a five star in partnership with Hotel Lords Inn. Selected location: For making mega city we take a project name DREAM CITY .This project take place in Cornel hut . For apartments we selected ? of the hole project . The mega city is about 500 acres .. For commercial building and hospital we selected the center space of the whole project. For shopping mall selected southwest corner of the perimeter. Fund Rising: In One Hundred and Fifteen Core Taka we and our partner finance seventy core taka and another thirty core Taka taking loan from Bank Asia at interest rate 5 percent. The bank interest we collect from our revenue. The cost: There are many type of cost.Here we listed some main cost like Land accruing:Tk 450000000 Material cost: Tk 300000000 Labor cost:Tk 90000000 Interest expense: Tk 150000000 Other expense:Tk 160000000 In material cost include cost of cement, iron, machine, stone, glass, aluminum etc and in other expense include office expense, transport expense, government tax etc. The revenue: Here are some revenues which we can earn We have 500 apartment project, where per apartment size is 1250 & the entire apartment sizes are 6250. per sq feet will sell 4000tk & we can earn 300000000tk.We also have 100 duplex home project, per duplex apartment will sell for 500000000tk &total earn would be 500000000tk. Shopping mall 35000 sq ft,per sq feet tk4000 & total amount would be tk140000000. Other revenue from other project 500000000tk. fixed earning come from commercial building , school , hospital, water supply . because our company we run this things in the dream city. Minimum fixed income is 50000000 per month. Promotion: to promote our mega city plan we will take help from the media. Commercial advertisement, newspaper, radio helps us to market our project to the hole country.

Korea Nuclear Weapons And the six party talks

Just recently, North Korean President King Jong Il proudly proclaimed the success of his government’s underground testing of their first-ever nuclear weapon in the barren hinterlands of the his reclusive country. Western countries, led by the United States, quickly condemned the move as an imminent threat to the security of the Korean peninsula and the international political system in general, especially in the light of the withdrawal of North Korea from the six-party talks negotiating the shutdown of North Korea’s nuclear facilities.On the other hand, the nuclear testing was hailed overwhelmingly by anti-imperialist states around the globe, led by Venezuela and Cuba, and anti-imperialist movements comprising mostly of Marxist parties of every sort, such as the Communist Party of the Philippines and the Communist Party of India-Maoist. It was seen as a triumph of the Korean people against the intense political pressure by US imperialism to bring the North Korean govern ment to its knees on all fronts – militarily and economically.Nonetheless, while the North Korean government was euphoric over its success, it earned the ire of the general international community through the United Nations that sweeping economic sanctions were imposed such as strict inspection of cargo shipments entering North Korean territory, notwithstanding the long-standing implied trade embargo by scores of countries around the world. Actually, the Korean peninsula has been the perennial site of unending geopolitical tensions in the East Asian region since the Korean War in the fifties. This paper will examine the nature of the six-party talks and North Korean brinksmanship in the context of North Korea’s acquisition of nuclear weapons.The Six-Party TalksThe Six-Party Talks include the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (DPRK, North Korea’s official name), South Korea, United States, Russia, Japan, and the People’s Republic of China, whose essential goal has been the peaceful and verifiable denuclearization of the Korean peninsula. The talks were launched primarily due to the refusal of the United States to foster bilateral talks with the DPRK due to the latter’s breach of a 1994 Framework Agreement. Moreover, it contained economic commitments by the member states to the DPRK, in terms aiding its energy requirements for as long as the DPRK abandons its nuclear program, particularly its pursuit of nuclear weapons. On the other hand, the United States and its allies formally assured the DPRK that it shall not result to acts of aggression against the reclusive country and seek alternative ways in resolving the diplomatic issues with the DPRK.According to Dr. Edberto Villegas (personal communication, 2007), a political economist of the University of the Philippines specializing of socialist politics, the Six-Party talks was formed not only to stabilize the threat of the DPRK against the United States and South Kor ea, but to secure the geopolitical interests of the member states as well. Japanese participation in the talks is very important as the DPRK has time and again threatened Japan, due to historic tensions since the Japanese invasion of the Korean peninsula a century ago and continues even up to the present, especially as Japan is now seen as a reliable ally of the United States in enforcing its foreign policies in the region. China is also interested in the talks as it is within its national interest that the Korean peninsula is stable to prevent the undocumented and illegal migration of North Koreans to Chinese territories. (globalsecurity.org, 2007)North Korean BrinksmanshipIn international politics, the DPRK and its leader, Kim Jong Il, has been adjudged the master of nuclear brinksmanship in securing economic and military concessions from world powers, including the United States. As the DPRK knows fully well its geopolitical handicap, it continually breaches international agreeme nts in supposed pursuit and assertion of its national interest and sovereignty, especially when it deliberately withdrew from the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and insisted on producing nuclear weapons for its defense against perceptions of a conspiracy by the United States forcibly overthrow the Kim Jong Il regime by force.According Villegas (personal communication, 2007), the DPRK fully believes that only by building up its military capability, particularly nuclear power, can the DPRK secure substantial concessions from world powers, consistent with the Maoist maxim of political power emerging from the barrel of a gun. These concessions, however, are not entirely of a military or diplomatic character, but usually in terms of economic aid, as the DPRK continues to battle years of infertile agricultural lands and famine that has led to the deaths and exodus of thousands of North Koreans.As can be seen from the recent nuclear testing in the hinterlands of North Korea, the world, w hile united in its condemnation of the act, has acceded, to a certain extent, to the demands of the North Korean government such as the release of its $25 million frozen assets in Macau and the delivery of more economic aid from developed nations. Nonetheless, it can be surmised that the actuations of the DPRK and the flaunting of its military might are not exactly aimed at threatening the world, especially South Korea, Japan and the United States, but only to secure adequate leverage for political and economic agreements which would not have been possible if the DPRK acted otherwise. More so, the DPRK are not that ignorant of the military history of the world to foolishly start military aggressions against perceived enemy states, knowing fully well the superior military power of the United States and its allies. (personal communication, 2007)However, in order to fully understand the North Korean nuclear question, the DPRK strategy of Songun politics must be examined. According to H an of the Unification Institute in New York, the DPRK views the relationship of the DPRK and the United States not as co-equal states in international law but as opposing and antagonistic entities representing the conflict between imperialism and socialism, in which peaceful coexistence is never possible.King Jong Il believes that all of these are part of the efforts of the DPRK to foist an ideological confrontation against the United States and secure the socialist gains in the Korean peninsula (Han, 2003) More so, the Songun politics of the DPRK involves the building of a strong revolutionary army to save the North Korean socialist system from collapse, over and above the necessity of putting adequate food on the tables of the Korean people. Such an utterly militarist mindset is a big departure from the classical Marxist theory of empowering the working class and the withering away of the state, leading foreign policy experts to believe that King Jong Il’s brinksmanship is merely to ensure the survival of his family’s hold on the entire North Korean political system. (globalsecurity.org) Nonetheless, the military outcome of policies like these has been very effective in forcing the international community to stand at attention and listen to the demands, even blackmail, of the DPRK.Conclusion: The World and the Way ForwardThe Korean nuclear question has given the United States and the international community a terrible political headache which all must continually confront until the threat of the DPRK has been conclusively neutralized.   While it is true that independent nations such as the DPRK must assert its national sovereignty at all times against external threats, particularly imperialist countries, the manner by which the reclusive regime of King Jong Il has been conducting the defense of its homeland and revolution borders on a subjective revolutionary hysteria which the rulers of the DPRK are exploiting to the prejudice of the welfare of its people.There are many other ways to confront modern imperialism which are no less revolutionary, such as the strides achieved by the Venezuelan and Cuban governments in their experiment with socialism without adversely affecting the lives of their people. As such, it is clearly the responsibility of the international community to diplomatically convince the DPRK to gradually embrace the denuclearization of the Korean peninsula and cease using military blackmail as a ruse to secure concessions from world powers. An outright denuclearization policy as suggested by the United States and Japan might be totally unrealistic at present, and might even provoke the DPRK further. The path to a lasting peace in the Korean peninsula is an arduous one which can only be confronted if the world itself is prepared to build confidence with the DPRK that aggression against the communist country is none of the options considered to resolve the long-standing diplomatic dispute on nuclear weapon s.Works Cited:Han, Ho-sok. Songun Politics of North Korea & the Situation on the Korean   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Peninsula. Songun Politics Study Group. Sept. 8, 2003. Retrieved from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.geocities.com/songunpoliticsstudygroup/Songuninterview.htm  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   l on April 17, 2007. Six-Party Talks. GlobalSecurity.Org. Retrieved from   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   http://www.globalsecurity.org/wmd/world/dprk/6-party.htm on April 16, 2007. Villegas, Edberto. Email Interview. April 14, 2007.