Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Behavioral Tools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Behavioral Tools - Essay Example On the contrary, plastic or unrelated humor also generates laughter but fails to signal anything about their connection. According to Parisi and Smith (p.217), ‘laughter between sincere friends is open, unreserved, and joyful. Laughter provides the bonding gains of increased mutual trust that permit parties to exploit profitable opportunities.’ Exemplifying this statement is one of my friends who is known to have the best sense of humor in our group. We consider this friend as lively, bubbly, and full of enthusiasm. He is also extremely smart and a go-getter. He knows the knack of converting any kind of situation or moment, whether serious, dull, tiring, and anxiety, to a lively atmosphere filled with laughter. Applying Freud’s postulation that pleasure attached to humor makes one think like a child and thereby escape the constraints of rationality and logic on cognitive functioning (Levine, 9). This is precisely my friend does most of the times, either to convince people unto doing something that they do not intend, to divert attention of individuals or groups or even to drive home the point he wants to make. Instances of potential disruption between friends and within families were also regulated through his humor by a simple distraction of thought processes and emotions of the people involved in such situations. Laughter is said to reduce tensions and naturally arising hostilities in relationships. Although the intention behind cracking jokes is to induce laughter and distract people from usual boredom or impending emotional disturbances, it may also lead to serious consequences. One such instance can be traced to the day our final results were announced. All except one of our group members had cleared the examination, and this certainly was a sad moment for all of us. In an attempt to lighten everyone’s

Monday, October 28, 2019

Gods and Goddesses of Greek Mythology Essay Example for Free

Gods and Goddesses of Greek Mythology Essay The book Mythology by Edith Hamilton is a novel devoted to the legends of Greek Mythology. Such legends tell stories of mighty heroes, ghastly creatures, and Gods and Goddesses with amazing powers. In order to fully understand these myths, a reader must examine each of these Gods or Goddesses individually and identify the unique Characteristics they have. The first humanoid Gods that appeared in Greek Mythology were the Titans, or the Elder Gods. They were the children of Mother Earth and Father Heaven, and due to their enormous size and strength, they ruled over the universe for eons. Some of the most famous Titans were: Atlas, who carried the world on his shoulders; Prometheus, who brought fire to mankind and then was famously chained to a mountain; and Cronus, the king of the Titans. The Titans were in complete control of the heavens and earth, and it would have stayed that way if it weren’t for their own children. The children of the Titans were the Gods and Goddesses of Olympus, or also known as the twelve great Olympians. The king of the Gods, and the God who overthrew Cronus to take his power, was Zeus. Zeus was the supreme ruler after the fall of Cronus, as well as the Lord of the Sky, the Rain-god, the Cloud-gatherer, and the wielder of the awful thunderbolt. His power was greater than all of the other Gods combined. Zeus was also a lover of many mortal women, and had many demigod (half-god half-mortal) children. Zeus’s bird was the Eagle, his symbols of power the thunderbolt and his breastplate Aegis. Hera was Zeus’s wife and sister. She was the Goddess of Marriage. She was always venerated in the home, and it was she married women turned to with their problems. Ironically enough, Hera was also well known for her hatred of the women who Zeus had affairs with, punishing them for mercilessly in blind anger. Poseidon was the God of the Sea, and was the most powerful God besides Zeus. He could calm the waters with his golden chariot, or create mighty storms. He carried beside him a three pronged trident that could cause earthquakes. Besides being honored for the lord of the water, he also created the first horse and gave it to man. Hades was the God of the Dead. Not to be confused with the God of Death itself, who was Thanatos; Hades ruled the underworld. His kingdom was under the surface of the earth, so all the precious metals under the ground belonged to him; therefore, he was also the God of Wealth. He did not often leave his dark realm, and he was not a welcome visitor when he did. Athena was often recognized as a ruthless war Goddess. She was born from Zeus’s head fully grown and clothed in battle gear. She has been called gray-eyed and the protector of civilized life. She was a symbol of wisdom, purity, and reason. The city of Athens was her special city, honorably named after her; the olive invented by her was her tree. Apollo has been known as the Archer and God of Truth. He was also the Healer, who first taught men the healing art. He was the master musician at Olympus, and delighted the Gods with his beautiful golden lyre. The Laurel was his sacred tree, and the Dolphin and Crow his most sacred animals. Artemis was a Lady of Wild Things, huntsman in chief to the Gods. She was known as the Moon Goddesses, and carried silver arrows that could pierce an animal as harmlessly and quickly as moonlight. Notably, all animals were sacred to her, especially the deer. Aphrodite was the Goddess of Love and Beauty. She was said to be born of the foam of the sea near the islands of Cythera and Cyprus. Where ever she goes, beauty follows and men succumb to her love. Her husband was the disfigured God Hephaestus; however she was often portrayed as in a love affair with Ares. Hephaestus was the God of Fire; also known as the Master of the Forge. He was the only ugly and lame Olympian. He built furnishings and weapons for the Gods, and it was said his forge was under a volcano. He was a kindly, peace-loving, and popular on earth and on Mount Olympus. Hestia was the God of the home and hearth. Though she had no distinct personality, when a baby was born it was always carried around her shrine, and every meal started and ended with an offering to her. Every city had a hearth dedicated to her that was never allowed to go out. Hermes was a messenger, trickster, trader, and thief. Before he was even a day old, he stole Apollo’s herds; then, as recompense, he invented Apollo’s lyre for him out of a tortoise shell. He was a God to all traders and merchants, and was Zeus’s personal messenger. He was the most cunning and shrewd out of all the Gods. The God of War was Ares. He was a fierce cruel son of Zeus and Hera, both who detested him. He delighted in bloodstained battles and the fury of fighting, yet was also described as a coward, who ran away moaning when he was wounded. His bird was naturally the vulture. The twelve great Olympians listed above were not the only Gods in Greek Mythology. In addition to these Olympians, the Greeks also had many minor Gods that they worshiped as well. They lived on the Earth rather than on Mount Olympus. The two most important minor Gods were Demeter and Dionysus. Demeter was originally the Goddess of Corn, though she grew to represent the Goddess of all harvests. She was the one who brought summer and spring to the earth, and who brought every fall and winter when sorrowed for her daughter. She was very important to Greek culture had many mortal like qualities, such as grief and sadness. Dionysus was the God of Wine and drunken revelry. He had a strong dual personality, where he could make men ecstatic and oblivious to their troubles, but then also make them hostile and insane. He traveled the world, hardly staying on Mount Olympus, discovering the secrets to winemaking. He was a welcome visitor at any party, and Greek Culture loved him. Another minor God that was well known was Pan. He was the shepherd and goat herder’s God. He was not divine, glorious, or radiant, but rather ugly because of his goat hooves and horns. He was an excellent musician and famous for the sweet nature melodies he played on his reed pipes. In addition to Gods and Goddesses, the magical creatures of Greek Mythology are also important to know. Satyrs were half-goat half-man dwellers of the forest. Centaurs were a half-horse half-man creature; The Gorgons were three dragon-like creatures who turned men to stone; The Sirens lured seamen to their deaths with enchanting songs. The Gods, Goddesses, and creatures of Greek Mythology were fascinating. The unique characteristics of each god and goddess are what supported entire cultures, as well as made the timeless tales of so remarkable. With help from Edith Hamilton’s Mythology, a person really can understand who the Gods and Goddesses of Greek Mythology were, and gain knowledge about how each of them was different but important individually.

Friday, October 25, 2019

Lithium Essays -- Chemistry Medical Chemical Papers

Lithium Though the drug lithium is used for a number of disorders ranging from acute depression to eating and personality disorders (Paykel, 1992), it's primary use is for bipolar disorder, also known as manic depression. Patients with bipolar disorder "between two poles: depression and its opposite, mania" (Kalat,2004), often with periods of normal behavior in between (Jamison,1993). In addition, the patient is also prone to "mixed episodes" in which symptoms of both mania and depression are present. Intensity of these episodes can range from mild to dangerous, as in the case of a manic depressive mother who severed the arms of her 10 month old daughter (Associated Press, 2005). Despite its genetic origin (Kalat. 2004; Jamison, 1993; DBSA, 2005), the onset of symptoms and behavior is rather late, averaging 18 years of age (Jamison, 1993). There are two types of manic episodes: manic and hypomanic. The DSM describes a manic episode as "a distinct period of abnormally and persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood," (Jamison, 1993). Symptoms include inflated self esteem, a reduced need for sleep, increased talkativeness and sociability, flight of ideas, distractibility, an increase in goal directed activities (such as work, school or sex), and an excessive involvement in pleasurable activities (PsychologyNet, 2003). The occurrence of these symptoms must not be able be confused with a mixed state (see description below), must impair the individual's ability to function normally, and cannot be explained by the effects of a substance (i.e. alcohol, hallucinogenics) or a medical condition (i.e. hyperthyroidism) in order for the episode to be considered "manic.... ..." The Icarus Project. Retrieved February 28, 2005 from the World Wide Web: http://theicarusproject.net/community/viewtopic.php?t=1187 CONCLUSION Lithium, or, more commonly, Lithium Salt, is an element used to treat bipolar disorder in humans. Bipolar disorder consists of severe highs and lows of mood, ranging from deep depression to extreme mania. The cycling of the disorder depends on the person, but it can vary from many shifts within one day (rapid cycling) to extended periods of each. Lithium is indicated primarily for patients who are not rapid cycling. Like many other medications, the exact effects of Lithium are unknown. Psychiatrists and Chemists have isolated many of the physiological and behavioral changes that occur after the administration of Lithium, and yet the exact cause of its therapeutic effect is not fully understood.

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Why did Stalin emerge as the leader of the USSR in 1929? Essay

There are many reasons why Stalin emerged as the leader of Russia, some of these are due to his intelligent mind and determination for power, others because of his criminal mind-set and willingness to overcome his rivals. The most important reason why Stalin emerged as leader of the USSR is because he manipulated his party members and his own place within the party, he did this by recruiting his friends and supporters into the party after the Lenin Enrolment, as well as this Stalin removes any competition within the party that may contribute to a threat, this shows how Stalin abuses his own position in the party to manipulate everyone into getting what he wants. Having his supporters within the party, Stalin could not be voted out or overpowered within the party. One of the important reasons why Stalin emerged as leader of the USSR is because of his individual factors, because of Stalin’s previous convictions of bank robbery and treachery he was not trusted straight away, but because he is devious and knowledgeable person he stayed back in the party until the right moment struck, when Lenin had the stroke, Stalin saw his opportunity to get into the hierarchy of the party, this shows that Stalin’s devious mind played a large part of why Stalin emerged as the leader. Stalin’s personality served him well to becoming the leader of the USSR, this is shown when he sent a telegraph to Trotsky explaining when the funeral of Lenin was, unknown to Trotsky, Stalin had actually gave him the wrong date and made a big funeral, this was seen as Trotsky being dishonourable, making him less likely to succeed Lenin, this improved Stalin’s chances of succeeding as Trotsky was him main competition. The true nature of Stalin’s p ersonal traits is shown when he keeps Lenin’s testament secret, knowing what Lenin thinks of him Stalin seems motivated to win leadership, by being devious Stalin stopped the corruption of Lenin’s testament getting publicised therefore making him in line for leadership.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Factors Affecting Teaching Profession in Tanzania

ABSTRACT Currently, issues related to teaching profession have become a topic of debate. This paper describes teaching as a profession, rationale for teaching and factors affecting teaching profession in Tanzania. This paper goes further to deliberate on how teaching may be transformed into a strong and powerful profession in Tanzania. 1. 0 INTRODUCTION Background to the Study Occupational status depends on the public valuing of the competence, role and overall contribution of a particular occupation to individual and societal welfare.Regardless of development status, the teaching force in most countries has never enjoyed full professional status. However, the status of teachers as a developing-profession is more evident in developing countries like Tanzania. If it has to be traced back during colonial era and early years of independence the status of teaching professions was highly respected and valued, as during those times teachers were given fully respect and they were recognized by the societies, never the less, the introduction of Musoma resolution in 1974 and Arusha declaration in 1967 strengthened the status of teaching profession.But soon after the introduction of universal primary education (UPE) in 1977 the status of teaching profession started to decline and seems to be of very low status as most people think of it as the work of those who failed or they have no alternative of life but to be rescued by the teaching profession. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS Teaching has been defined by Wells, G. 1982) as cluster of activities that are noted about teachers such as explaining, deducing, questioning, motivating, taking attendance, keeping record of works, students’ progress and students’ background information. Profession refers to enterprises or endeavor founded up on specialized educational training, the purpose of which is to supply services to others or it is an occupation that requires extensive education or training (Babyegeya and Mushi, 2009 ) in (Ndibalema, P 2012). 2. 0 TEACHING PROFESSION . 1 teaching as a profession Teachers are more than workers. They are also members of a profession. Their occupation renders definite and essential services to society. As a profession, however, teaching has had a long and difficult history. Its social and cultural functions have never been critically challenged, but nevertheless the public has not adequately supported teaching, Compared with other learned professions such as medicine, law, engineering, and architecture teaching ranks rather low.Goodson (2003) noted that Occupations that have attained professional status share the following characteristics: a high level of education and training based on a unique and specialized body of knowledge, a strong ideal of public service with an enforced professional code of conduct and high levels of respect from the public at large, registration and regulation by the profession itself, trusted to act in the clients‘ best interests w ithin a framework of accountability, a supportive working environment, similar levels of compensation as other professions.As noted above, a profession requires a lengthy period of academic and practical training. Training and certification are essential parts of a profession. Period long training is needed to develop specialists and technicians in any profession. There must be some specification of the nature of the training through state regulations. Teaching certainly fulfils this criterion, but the teacher‘s period of training is not as long as that required for doctors and lawyers. The code of ethics indicates how members of the profession should behave.Professionalization occurs when enforcement is possible and vigorous (Ankomah, 2005). Tanzanian teachers have an ethical code of conduct. There exist however, no licensed body to enforce the codes. 2. 2 Rationale for Teaching Profession By its very nature, teaching possesses two very appealing traits. First, it deals with the young, with those whose minds and characters are forming. It is a privilege to be entrusted with the task of facilitating the growth and development of the younger generation. Second, teaching provides opportunities for intellectual development.It brings those who pursue it into intimate contact with books, experiments, and ideas. 3. 0 FACTORS AFFECTING TEACHING PROFESSION 3. 1 Education and Training In Tanzania teaching profession ranges from degree level which takes three years, diploma level which takes two years and certificate level which takes two years, but due to country policy and demand of teachers those years of training do vary. For example in 2005/6 there was clash program of three months where form six leavers were trained to be teachers in secondary schools, so this situation seems to jeopardize the teaching profession.Consequently, as an occupational group, teachers do not have the equivalent level of education and training nor the cohesiveness as well establishe d professions, such as medical doctors, engineers and lawyers, which have uniformly high academic entry qualifications (Ingvarson, 1998). 3. 2 Self-Regulation The established professions enjoy a high degree of self-regulation and are successful in maintaining high barriers to entry in terms of qualification requirements and registration.Teachers, on the other hand, tend to have weak, state-dominated professional organizations with factions (Wells, 1982). 3. 3 Public Service belief and Professional Conduct Teaching has become employment of the last source of help among university graduates and secondary school leavers in many countries. Consequently, teachers often lack a strong, long-term commitment to teaching as a vocation. On a comparative note, around one-half of (Form 4 and 6) secondary school leavers in Tanzania who finished school in 1990 were employed as teachers in 2001.Thus, in the absence of alternative employment opportunities, becoming a school teacher is the main avenu e for social and economic advancement for Tanzanian graduates (Ibid). 3. 4 The Work Environment and Remuneration Teachers rarely enjoy the same work environment as other professions. The size of the teaching force coupled with lower educational qualifications means that teachers are also paid considerably less than the mainstream professions. For example in Tanzania teachers’ live in poor houses and other lacks even those poor houses.And they also lack teaching facilities like books, teaching aids and well equipped classrooms (Goodson, 2003). 3. 5 The Social Class and Academic Background of Entrants to the Profession The standing of a profession is to some extent affected by the social class background of its recruits; the higher the social strata from which recruits generally come, the higher the status of the profession. And, of course, the higher the status of a profession, the more it will attract recruits from the higher social strata (Hoyle, 1969).Also the teaching prof ession in Tanzania is affected, since those who are recruited into the education field of study are considered to have low grades that look education as the last option (Ingvarson, 1998). 3. 6 Commitment to the Profession Another problem that is affecting teaching as a profession is how committed are the teachers to the profession. There is no doubt that membership of the major professions implies a life commitment to the task. In the case of teaching, no such a life commitment to the task of teaching is apparent as in other professions.There are a number of factors that contribute to this state of affairs. One of these factors is the general notion of teaching as a second Choice profession with many of the teachers only committing themselves to it at a late stage when they know that they cannot change their profession. Majority of the teachers at the initial stage of their teaching career did not expect to stay in teaching for more than a few years. They consider it as a stepping s tone to other occupations. This invariably affects their commitment to the profession (Hargreaves, 2001). . 7 Salary Although the economic status of the teacher has been steadily improving, teachers do not in general receive salaries comparable to those received within the major professions. As a result commitment to the growth of the profession is affected (Ibid). 3. 8 Pupil-Teacher Ratios The weak correlation between school enrolments and the numbers of teachers employed in each school is the most obvious indicator of poor deployment. Variations in pupil-teacher ratios between schools are typically very large in most countries.For example, in Tanzania the mid-late 1990s, they ranged from 50 to 70 pupils to 1 teacher. Recently, however improvements are being made to balance pupil-teacher ratio to 30-45 pupils to 1 teacher (Ankomah, 2005). 4. 0 RECOMMENDATION AND CONCLUSION After seeing what affect the teaching profession there are various measures which can be taken into considerat ion so as to restore and revive the status of teaching profession in Tanzania, some of them are elaborated hereunder:- 4. 1 Need for Commitment to the Profession. Commitments bear no fruit until they are substantiated by action.Once they have affirmed their commitments, teachers must devote their time and energies to their professional activities. Teachers should actively join in curricular development, instructional design, and technical planning, as well as policy making. They should have certain organized ways in which they can participate in the formation of the controlling aims, methods, and materials of the school system of which they are a part. Therefore, teachers' organizations have a very important role to play in the advancement of the teaching profession. 4. Innovative pathways in recruitment and continual innovation in teacher preparation programmes are required. Teacher preparations programmes need to broaden their entry requirements to diversify the teaching corps and better represent diverse student populations. Teacher preparation programmes require innovative recruitment pathways that allow entry for non-traditional candidates. Teacher preparation programmes require continual innovation to respond to changing needs. 4. 3 Teacher education is enhanced by comprehensive teacher induction that fosters lifelong learning.Induction is most effective when seen as a comprehensive system beyond just support and assistance for beginning teachers. Effective professional development strategies seek the active involvement of teachers and are largely school-based, developmental in nature and ongoing. 5. 0 REFERENCES Ankomah, Y. A. (2005 November). Priorities in Relation to Leadership and Management for Change. A Paper Presented at National Consultative Workshop on Educational Quality Implementation at Accra Ghana. Goodson, I. (2003).Professional knowledge, professional lives: Studies in education. Maidenhead, Open University Press. Hargreaves, A. , Earl, L. , Moore, S. , and Manning, S. (2001). Learning to change: Teaching beyond subjects and standards. San Francisco, Jossey-Bass. Ingvarson, L. (1998). A professional development system fit for a profession. London: Bell Inc. Ndibalema, P (2012). Professionalism and ethics in education. Students’ compendium. University of Dodoma, Creative Prints Ltd. Wells, G. (1982). Teacher research and educational change. Toronto, OISE Press, pp. 1-35.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Pro Death Penalty Speech Essay Example

Pro Death Penalty Speech Essay Example Pro Death Penalty Speech Paper Pro Death Penalty Speech Paper Verna Stafford first lured the family driving in their car, pretending to be a stranded motorist. She first shot Melvin Lorenz when he failed to turn over all his money. His wife, Linda Lorenz, was shot by Roger and Harold when she came running to help her husband. With both of them still alive, the trio again pounded their bodies with bullets, then kidnapped their only son of 12 years, Richard. In utter terror, the young boy attempted to yell out for help out of the moving cars window. Roger became enraged and without any feeling of sympathy for the young ay stuck a gun through the window and shot the boy. Still alive, Richard Lorenz was driven about a mile, removed from the camper and shot again. These Inhumane and senseless killings deserve nothing less than a death sentence and that is exactly what was awarded to Roger. I believe the death penalty should be implemented for heinous crimes such as cold-blooded murder. I will first present some history regarding the death penalty in the united States Approximately 7900 persons have been sentenced to death and 1184 executed from 1976-2009. An average of 0. 2% of those were executed every year during that time. Ninety-eight murderers were executed in 1998, a record number for the modern death penalty. This represented 1. 8% of those on death row. The average time on death row for those 98 executed 11 years, 2 months an all time record of longevity. There are currently 35 states that implement the death penalty today versus fifteen that do not. Forty five percent of death row inmates are white and forty two percent are African American. A recent gallop poll taken states the public opinion for the death penalty Is 65%. One reason that I am in favor of the death penalty is that the death penalty will rely bring a mental closure and fresh beginnings to the families of violent crimes. This includes the Innocent children who are In many cases robbed of a loving parent or parents at the hands of evil murderers. The victims families are experiencing severe grief and stress because of the irreparable loss of their family member. The subject of the death penalty will arise when there is loss of human life, particularly the way In which the precious human life Is eliminated. To see or know that a heinous killer Is allowed to go free or even spend life In prison seems Like the killer Is eating away with murder. We all have a choice to do right or wrong. If we do wrong, we deserve to be punished. These killers have no regard for how precious life is so Tell tenet Tithe snouts De treated ten same. Sees Killers nave eroded ten velvet AT living their life to the fullest and punish the victims families as well. How many murder victims would have grown up to be doctors, scientists, or even President? We will never know. Many victims families cannot go back and live their normal lives without the feeling that the monster who killed their loved one is living a normal life, even if it is behind the bars. It is also not humanely or morally correct to let a gruesome killer free. The death penalty will give the family the feeling that the killer or killers of their loved ones has also been punished. In addition, the death penalty should not be abolished because while their victims are in the grave, the murderer will continue to enjoy his/her constitutional rights. He/she will organize campaigns in favor of him/her and thereby create a situation in which they will appear as if they are the ones who have been wronged. Some are allowed to publish books while Irving life sentences in prison. Many of these murderers brag about their sick crimes and some have even sent letters from prison to the victims families boasting how they enjoyed killing their loved one in gruesome detail. The family is forced to relive the crime again and again. The animals who committed a heinous crime of murder should not escape with lesser punishments and it is only logical to award him/her death penalty. Professor van den Hag, a psychoanalyst and adjunct professor at New York University had this to say l hold life sacred, L feel that anyone who takes some ones life should know that thereby he forsakes his own (CTD. In providentially. Com) If these killers are given life sentences or in some cases lesser Jail sentences, these animals could be set free to kill again. They are a danger to society as studies have shown that 10% of people convicted of murder will indeed murder again. The victims families and witnesses that may have testified in court live in fear of retaliation from the free murderer. Some prisoners who are serving life sentences for murder have even escaped from prison. For example, Michael Rodriguez, sentenced only to life sentence for heinous murder, Joined six other criminals in overpowering prison employees in Connelly, Texas in 2001. They all left the prison in a maintenance truck. After robbing a convenience store, Rodriguez shot a police officer 11 times and drove over his corpse. This incident clearly shows that people who have committed gruesome murders could escape the clutches of law, committing more killings of innocent people. So, I believe that the death penalty, because of its finality, is a more apt punishment than imprisonment for gruesome criminals. Former Attorney General of Indiana states,Sparing the lives of even a few prospective victims by deterring their would be murderers, is more important than preserving the lives of convicted murderers. We should weigh the death of convicted murderer against the senseless loss of life from their victims. A second key factor that proves that the death penalty should remain is that the death penalty could surely deter other prospective murderers, making them think twice before committing crime. Although, crimes could be carried out in the heat of he moment, there will be many instances in which the prospective murderer will think or plan about the murder. While thinking or planning, if the prospective murderer Just slightly thanks tout ten tenant penalty Ana Its serious Ana relocating effect on his/hers life as well as their families lives, they could stop their murder plans. The individual deterrent effect is proven by many, perhaps thousands, of individual. There are fully documented cases where criminals have admitted that the death penalty was the specific threat which deterred them and/or others from committing murder. Indeed, one study showed that criminals, by a 5:1 ratio, believed that capital punishment was a significant enough deterrent to prevent them and/or others from committing murder. Indeed, prisoners rate the death penalty as a much more severe penalty than they do life without parole. While it is difficult to prove a negative, I. E. How many murders does the death penalty cause not to occur? , there is absolute evidence that the individual deterrent effect of executions saves innocent lives. Thus, I am for the opinion that the death penalty should not be abolished because he future of the innocent victims, who could be our brothers, parents, sisters, and children, needs to be protected against the evil murderers that exist in our world today. The death penalty helps the victims families receive closure from the nightmare the murderer has caused them as well as help deter criminals from committing murder for fear that there own lives will be in Jeopardy. Even one life that is saved from a murderer that is executed is reason enough to continue the death penalty as you cant put a price on innocent human life and it should be cherished. We can all help by standing our ground as the voice of the innocent lives that cannot speak for themselves.

Monday, October 21, 2019

Top 25 Book Report Ideas Ways to Create a Breathtaking Book Report

Top 25 Book Report Ideas Ways to Create a Breathtaking Book Report If you have the freedom of selecting a topic for your book report, check out our list of top 25 book report ideas and topics for a winning paper. Book report writing is a rather simple task, which doesn’t require considerable effort. However, if you are new to book report writing and have received your first writing assignment, we have something that might help you. While working on your report, please feel free to read the article on how to work on the book report. Top 25 Book Report Ideas Searching for book report template? Here is a great one below. BOOK REPORT TEMPLATE Here is a list of books that are believed to be very useful for all high school students (based on materials  of  NY Times and Lexington Public Library). Want to know more about book report format? Read the article below! BOOK REPORT FORMAT If you have the freedom of selecting your own book report topic and a  way to write it in, and you feel that you will need help with your project, we will be happy to assist. Just contact out customer support staff and they will help you through the ordering process. Place your order  right now!

Sunday, October 20, 2019

6 steps to turning a work buddy into a real-life friend

6 steps to turning a work buddy into a real-life friend Most people have two social groups in their lives: the people you hang out with all day, every day, because you have to (coworkers) and the people you hang out with by choice when you find the free time (friends). Lots of people keep these spheres separate, so there are firm boundaries in place between work life and real life. But what happens when you meet someone at work who you just adore and want to become friends with beyond office pleasantries? There are a lot of reasons it’s great to have a true pal and confident at work. Random â€Å"just saying hi† pop ins make your day go faster. You have a constant lunch or coffee break buddy. And work-wise, it can often mean a strong ally on your side. But negotiating the road to real friendship can be a tricky one. Here’s how to do it.1. Be picky- find someone you trust.You can’t afford to lay it all out there for just anyone. Quality is much more important than quantity when it comes to office friendships. Sh oot for one (or two) people who seem to have interests and life situations and values most in common with you.2. Don’t rush the process.Don’t jump right into the meaningful convos over margaritas stage, or the inviting people over for dinner with your family stage. Going from coworker to friend takes a gentle touch- if things don’t work out, you still need to see the person every day. Start with a casual coffee or a lunch to test the waters. Is the conversation effortless? Do you feel comfortable, and can you tell whether your new pal-to-be feels comfortable as well?3. Go on a second date.Just because the first foray went well, make sure it wasn’t just a fluke. Try another lunch or casual coffee, or maybe a happy hour. If you pick up straight where you left off and it still feels breezy and fantastic to be in their company, then keep at it.4. Lead with what interests you.Don’t just talk about work. Start trying out conversations that have more to d o with your outside life, interests, hobbies, and passions, and see how well you match up. To build a real friendship you’ll need to build shared memories, which is much easier to do when you have more in common than just where you go to work each day. Try not to go  too personal too soon, though- you can bare your soul a few months down the line, not right after you find out whether or not someone has any siblings.5. Open up when you feel comfortable.When you feel like things are really moving along well, it might be time to let your hair down cautiously and share some more personal details. No oversharing! Keep it relaxed and not too dramatic. Take your cues from your new friend, as well. Listen to what they’re talking about and try not to bulldoze through whatever boundaries they might be adhering to with big blockbuster confessions.6. Keep potential complications in mind.Having a work bestie or two can be great, but you should also be prepared for the occasional awkward situation. Say your friend gets promoted over you or starts to shoot up the ladder and you’re still stuck at entry-level. How might you react? Try to foresee a few of these possibilities and ask yourself if you’ll be able to be genuinely happy for your friend’s success and not too competitive throughout the course of your careers. Will this friendship be strong enough to weather the ups and downs of your working world?

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Define the major flora of the different regions of the human body and Essay

Define the major flora of the different regions of the human body and discuss the methods employed in preventing both exogenous and endogenous wound contamination - Essay Example The mutualistic tendencies these microorganisms exhibit aid in the protection of the individual’s immune system, respiratory system, and even gut (Price & Frey 2003, p. 67). This is especially when it comes to fighting off pathogens. However, they can also cause diseases when not properly monitored. Exogenous and endogenous infections occur as a result of the presence of these microorganisms. Exogenous infections occur when pathogens enter the body through portals such as the respiratory, intestinal, and even reproductive areas. Endogenous infections often occur as a result of the patient’s distorted resistance (immune). Some of the methods implemented to deal with exogenous infections include; sterilization, cleaning, and disinfection (Gruendemann & Mangum 2001, p. 43). In doing some of these operations, it is easier to reduce the manner in which an individual is exposed to a harmful external environment. A technique used to deal with endogenous infections includes; skin preparation, where the patient undergoes thorough screening to determine whether the skin may act as a contaminant or not. Antibiotic prophylaxis is also another method where the surroundings of the patient are treated to reduce or eliminate contamination (Gloster 2010, p.

Engaging Parents in Their Children's Early Learning Essay

Engaging Parents in Their Children's Early Learning - Essay Example clude parents’ socioeconomic status, education level and living conditions, which have direct bearing on a child’s early learning activities and outcomes. Nonetheless, more important than the above factors is the quality of a child’s home learning environment. Although parents may not have achieved a lot educationally and might be living in disadvantaged environment and circumstance, their regular engagement in their children’s early learning activities has rather tremendous effect in stretching children’s mind and attitudes. Consequent to the positive attitudes, children’s learning progress and development would be enhanced (Desforges, 2003). In fact, children growing up under the care of parents that ensure strong home-learning environments have been shown to be ahead in social and intellectual development by the age of three compared to those in weak home-learning environment. Research reports further show that this trend continues through to age ten. The latest research findings show that the positive impacts of parental involvement in children’s early learning cut across all socioeconomic and ethnic groups and levels of parental involvement. However, the impact of parental involvement has been found to be more profound on the learning achievements of children of the primary age range. In fact, to this age range, the variation in school quality has less impact on early learning compared to parental involvement (Whalley, 2001). Among the aspects of children’s early learning that parental involvement positively impacts on are skills, knowledge, and intellectual simulation at home and at school. With the right parental involvement and contribution, children would be able to learn and copy constructive attitudes towards learning and develop strong... From this paper it is clear that  parents may not have achieved a lot educationally and might be living in disadvantaged environment and circumstance, their regular engagement in their children’s early learning activities has rather tremendous effect in stretching children’s mind and attitudes. Consequent to the positive attitudes, children’s learning progress and development would be enhanced.This essay discusses that  the latest research findings show that the positive impacts of parental involvement in children’s early learning cut across all socioeconomic and ethnic groups and levels of parental involvement. However, the impact of parental involvement has been found to be more profound on the learning achievements of children of the primary age range. In fact, to this age range, the variation in school quality has less impact on early learning compared to parental involvement. Among the aspects of children’s early learning that parental invo lvement positively impacts on are skills, knowledge, and intellectual simulation at home and at school. With the right parental involvement and contribution, children would be able to learn and copy constructive attitudes towards learning and develop strong self-images as good and fast learners. Parental involvement in children’s early learning may also encompass guardians and older siblings providing children with one-to-one attention by keenly listening to their words and questions and giving replies that focus on extending children’s thoughts.

Friday, October 18, 2019

Genetics assignment two Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Genetics assignment two - Essay Example sive alleles of each of these genes (a,b,c and d) produce abnormal enzymes that cannot catalyze a reaction in the biosynthetic pathway for seed pigment. The pathway is shown below: 2. In the Australian Shepherd, Hereditary Cataracts is an autosomal dominant disorder that results in abnormal clouding of the lenses of the eye. In some Aussies, heterozygous for Hereditary Cataracts, the disease is not always expressed. Based on this information, answer the following questions: b. Several alleles are responsible for Hereditary Cataract formation. When present, some alleles result in very rapid cataract growth, whereas; other alleles result in very slow cataract growth. What terminology best describes the behavior of these various alleles? 3. In the oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis), a number of genes determine eye color. A fly with wild-type eyes (red) is crossed to fly with yellow eyes. All the F1 flies from this cross have wild-type eyes. When the F1 from the cross are interbred (selfed), 450 of the progeny have wild-type eyes, 150 have amethyst eyes (a bright sparkling blue color) and 200 have yellow eyes. 4. The Scots Dumpy, a type of chicken from Scotland, can exhibit short-leg length and normal-leg length phenotypes. A breeder crosses two normal-legged Scots Dumpy, and finds that all of the F1 are normal-legged. The breeder repeats the cross and observes the same result. However, when the same breeder crosses a normal-legged fowl with a short-legged fowl,  ½ of the offspring are short-legged and  ½ of the offspring are normal-legged. Finally, following a third cross between two short-legged Scots Dumpy fowl, the breeder observes the following results among 200 offspring counted: 5. Fruit flies homozygous for the recessive allele, sc-, have bright red eyes. Fruit flies homozygous for the recessive allele, br-, have brownish purple eyes. Fruit flies homozygous recessive for both alleles have white eyes. Fruit flies that possess the sc+ and

Write four articles based on four press releases Assignment

Write four articles based on four press releases - Assignment Example All around the globe, air travel security, was changed to curb terrorism, world leaders and many other citizens paused to reflect the events to commemorate the victims of the al-Qaeda. At around 8:46 am E.T there was a moment of silence for 17 minutes, they are the exact time when the air lines flight 11 and airlines 175 were hijacked by nine men conspired in al-Qaeda plot which slammed twin towers. Retired police department of New York still remembers his wife and his fellow officers, the only female who died at the twin towers. She was on duty several kilometers away, when she heard a jet slammed into the world business center before she went to assist the south tower collapsed, and she killed. It is a reminder that menace still remains 10 years after thousands of people were killed, and four months after their leader were killed by the US special force. The article was from the CBC world news which reminds the Americans about a day they will live to remember. A trusted courier to bin laden, who had been followed by the American spies, was finally located in a residential area 35 mile to the north of Pakistani capital. The property was so large and secure making US officials doubt whether it was built for just a courier. This was followed by eight months of serious intelligence works that lead to a helicopter assault that saw the death of bin laden on a Sunday. American officials have it that he was shot in the head and that one of his sons died with him (Michael, 2007). This operation had been an American army highest priority operation. The CIA monitored the operations on a 12-foot-high mansion valued at $1 million with neither an internet connection nor a telephone line. The CIA believed that this building was specially built, in 2005, to hide bin laden. Mr. Obama hold various security meeting before the final plans were put in place. The Pakistani government was not involved as they had previously denied claims that Osama

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Heart Transplant Team Clinical Journal Term Paper

Heart Transplant Team Clinical Journal - Term Paper Example I have had the opportunity to attend to a number of heart transplant operations and carefully observed what transpires during this process. This has given me a background of the activities related to heart transplant operations. Secondly, I have had the opportunity to apply the nursing process in real life situation. In this regards, I have been able to collect a variety of population data from both the clinic and the community sources. I am now able to analyze such data both qualitatively and quantitatively. Basing on this knowledge, I am now able to help in the process of formulating goals and objectives for patient care and give an analytical feedback that can be applied in improving various nursing processes. I have reviewed cases regarding the determination of the need for health promotion and illness management shortcoming with the aim of implementing the best plan interventions basing on the best practice guidelines. Besides, I am now in a position to evaluate the effectivenes s plan interventions basing on the socio-cultural, economic, spiritual, environmental and developmental factors. I have had the opportunity to discuss with the preceptor on issues relating to the effectiveness, the evidence and the ethics of various plan interventions. ... I have established a rapport and gained as much client confidentiality as possible. Further, I am now able to carry out various documentation protocols, utilize the information technology systems and collaborate with my colleagues and staff effectively. Finally, with regards to professional practice, I am glad that I am better placed to maintain professional code of conduct and good behavior during practicum. Besides, I am now able to abide by all the agency’s regulations and policies. 2) What has been the most significant or meaningful learning outcome for you during clinical? The most eminent learning outcome I have achieved this far, is related to the application of the nursing process. Ever since my childhood, I have intrinsically wished to be a nurse. My efforts towards the achievement of this dreams has been inexorable. Thus, I feel great when I know I have the obligation to make a change in people’s lives. Application of the information I have gained in class in real-life clinical practice gives me am internal satisfaction I have always longed for. Seeing myself taking part in extending someone’s life and helping families hold onto their loved ones who are under my care, perpetuate my desire to take part in various other activities related to nursing activities. 3) As you reflect on your clinical experience, what knowledge and skills have you gained that will be helpful to you as a professional? Almost each and every learning outcome during my nursing training has been of great significance during my clinical experience. To begin with, the knowledge I have attained relating on how to attend to carry out patient interviews, perform physical assessments, obtain laboratory specimens and utilize specialty equipment has been very

NGOs are an effective force in processes of conflict resolution and Essay

NGOs are an effective force in processes of conflict resolution and healing. Discuss using examples - Essay Example The cause of violence in schools is caused by peer influence that is becoming a more compelling influence upon social acceptance and rejection, parental attachment show a stronger statistical relationship with hostility and delinquency (Dodge & Somberg 1987). Human beings have always been influential in finding the most effective ways to resolve conflicts or crime in the society. The advent of the criminal justice system was the consequence of similar efforts and the experiences shows that the formal system of criminal justice, due to many reasons, has not been fully successful in achieving its mandate in most countries. Mounting court arrears, delay in case disposal and consistent rising rate of acquittals has resulted in the loss of public confidence in the system. Furthermore, it was felt that the victims of crime who are to be in the center are usually sidelined in the criminal justice process. Whichever the outcome of the court case, the victim does not get any considerable gain to mitigate his/her victimization and nothing will help to restore and repair the damage caused. In the search for alternative to litigation, it would be a necessity to dwell on those judicial process facets which promote the capability of the system to dispense the expectations that judges and courts render justice objectively and impartially. This paper tends to seek to explain the role played my mediation as a traditional way of resolving conflicts in today’s society that replaces court of law. Moreover, this paper seeks to explain deeply the mystery behind mediation as a tool to resolve disputes over the years. In the end, the goal is to provide a clear and better support for the ongoing and future mediation efforts in peace processes. Discussion Mediation is the process of third party intervention in the case of environmental disputes between two or three parties who are on a disagreement. Its characteristics include voluntary participation and agreement as well as conf idential. United Nations (2008) explains that third parties are organizations or organization called upon or has volunteered to manage or settle issues between conflicting parties. Mediation is known to be a mystery and most of the peace processes are a success story while some are dismal failures, and most are a combination of the two. This process is extremely complex and difficult as one has to help in transition of a society from war to peace taking in to consideration the fact that the parties in conflict use military means to attain their objectives. It gets even worse when it can result in the killing of thousands or more in the process. During mediation, dispute parties may start to realize that they can gain a lot from negotiation than from fighting. This, however, takes time as the mediators needs to also understand their intentions and motives, and why they chose use of arms in settling disputes (Mrcela 2009). The role of mediation/mediator Mediation is usually appropriat e for settling disputes like those brought about by both verbal and behavioral message misinterpretation, communication problems, personal conflicts, harassment and deception (Mrcela 2009). In special cases, mediation can be used to resolve disputes between work groups or trade unions, or management on one end and employees on the other end. An example is in Slovenian organizations where

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Heart Transplant Team Clinical Journal Term Paper

Heart Transplant Team Clinical Journal - Term Paper Example I have had the opportunity to attend to a number of heart transplant operations and carefully observed what transpires during this process. This has given me a background of the activities related to heart transplant operations. Secondly, I have had the opportunity to apply the nursing process in real life situation. In this regards, I have been able to collect a variety of population data from both the clinic and the community sources. I am now able to analyze such data both qualitatively and quantitatively. Basing on this knowledge, I am now able to help in the process of formulating goals and objectives for patient care and give an analytical feedback that can be applied in improving various nursing processes. I have reviewed cases regarding the determination of the need for health promotion and illness management shortcoming with the aim of implementing the best plan interventions basing on the best practice guidelines. Besides, I am now in a position to evaluate the effectivenes s plan interventions basing on the socio-cultural, economic, spiritual, environmental and developmental factors. I have had the opportunity to discuss with the preceptor on issues relating to the effectiveness, the evidence and the ethics of various plan interventions. ... I have established a rapport and gained as much client confidentiality as possible. Further, I am now able to carry out various documentation protocols, utilize the information technology systems and collaborate with my colleagues and staff effectively. Finally, with regards to professional practice, I am glad that I am better placed to maintain professional code of conduct and good behavior during practicum. Besides, I am now able to abide by all the agency’s regulations and policies. 2) What has been the most significant or meaningful learning outcome for you during clinical? The most eminent learning outcome I have achieved this far, is related to the application of the nursing process. Ever since my childhood, I have intrinsically wished to be a nurse. My efforts towards the achievement of this dreams has been inexorable. Thus, I feel great when I know I have the obligation to make a change in people’s lives. Application of the information I have gained in class in real-life clinical practice gives me am internal satisfaction I have always longed for. Seeing myself taking part in extending someone’s life and helping families hold onto their loved ones who are under my care, perpetuate my desire to take part in various other activities related to nursing activities. 3) As you reflect on your clinical experience, what knowledge and skills have you gained that will be helpful to you as a professional? Almost each and every learning outcome during my nursing training has been of great significance during my clinical experience. To begin with, the knowledge I have attained relating on how to attend to carry out patient interviews, perform physical assessments, obtain laboratory specimens and utilize specialty equipment has been very

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Adolescent Student Attitudes Towards Mathematics Essay

Adolescent Student Attitudes Towards Mathematics - Essay Example Mathematics not only helps one individual in building his skills but also teaches one individual how to use them in his practical life. Keeping the importance of mathematics in mind this subject is compulsory in almost all sorts of education systems. As this subject is compulsory for everyone some students face difficulties while studying it while some do not. However the subject of Mathematics is considered the most difficult one by the students too. The pace of learning of a student depends on many factors. A student's attention should be focused on the topic he is learning. The attitude of learner and the environment in which he is studying are the major factors of his learning process. In this article, I would further discuss the attitude of students and their environment and background in detail to find out the reasons of changing attitudes of students towards mathematics. Students' background means the situations and conditions of their daily routine and their relation to their home. In contrast, the attitude of the students talks about their awareness, approach and feelings about mathematics. It is observed that the situations in the home make the base of the students' future formal learning either strong or weak. A student always needs his mother, who is known to be the first teacher of a child, to help and guide him in solving complex mathematics topics and questions. The understanding, feeling and concerns of students' also play a magnificent role in their progress of learning a particular subject. The pace of learning and level of understanding of a particular subject can be determined and assessed properly if these factors are kept in mind. Many researches have evaluated the result that students' personal and family background contribute to a great extent in the accomplishment of their goals including their success in mathematics. The changing attitudes of students towards mathematics and other studies also depend on their social life. Certain questions must be answered to understand why their attitude changes. Q1: Are their any resources available for the students at their home If so what are they and if not what would be the effect How does it affect their attitudes Home has been verified to be the greatest support for the students to carry good marks along with the willingness to study further and more efficiently. The environment provided to the student greatly influences the student to focus on his studies. Mathematics, being a complex subject for the students, requires attention and time. A student having an educational environment at home is observed to be more competent in his studies than the student having a less-educated environment around him. The learning opportunities, physical and mental relaxation and the peaceful environment of home play a great role in the success of a learner. A number of researches have already shown the positive relationship of learning accomplishments and home issues. The availability of books makes the first impression and acts as the first motivation for the student to work hard in his studies. The students follow the path of their parents and elders. Although books are believed to be the fundamental learni ng resources, other support stuff are thought as supplements which provide ease in the learning particularly that of mathematics. Such materials are calculators, computers, laptops, dictionaries, guidebooks and study tables. The educational qualification of parents also affects the students' academic life. If the parents are well educated and know the importance of education they would always emphasize on the students' learning. Mathematics needs a lot of attention and

Monday, October 14, 2019

The Benefits of Obtaining High School Education Essay Example for Free

The Benefits of Obtaining High School Education Essay Attaining a high school is extremely valuable for various reasons. The most important reason for attaining high school education is to earn oneself a job. This is because employers need to be sure that the jobseeker has acquired as indicated in their certificate. Further, attaining a high school diploma is crucial in that it represents the qualifications and skills acquired by the student. By attaining this knowledge, the student is also prepared for various life situations. Students attain high school education because it is the channel by which they can achieve their personal and career goals. For most students who have passed high school, they find it relatively easy to get admission into university and college. By pursuing high school, students a diploma which serves as proof that the student has passed in the relevant subjects. As such, institutions of higher learning seek to admit students who have been well prepared through high school education. In the case of careers, most employers seek to hire students who have passed through high school. After passing through high school, students are made aware of work habits and job skills necessary for them to join the workforce. Of the many advantages gained for passing through high school, this qualification enables the former students to find and maintain jobs. Besides the basic education in reading, writing and education, vocational training is also provided to enable students gain skills necessary for performing various tasks. Through an analysis of the relationship between high school education and work experience in future, it has been established that passing through high school prepares one to have a better labor market experience.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

America Needs Affordable Health Insurance :: Argumentative Persuasive Essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Health Insurance is one of the nations top problems, the cost is rising for premiums, and many businesses just cannot afford it. As Americans many of us have the luxury of health insurance, but far too many of us have to go without it. This is something that always seems to brought up at congressional debates, but little is done about it. â€Å"In 2013 there were 41 million people reported with out health insurance coverage, this is too many considering those people probably were sick at some point through out the year, and they couldn’t afford treatment.† We need to find someway to make sure that every citizen of the United States is able to have affordable healthcare for themselves, and their families.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Most people rely on their employers to provide them with health insurance, but with many health care is not available through the employers. Many small businesses can simply not afford the high cost of health care, or it may be available, but the employee needs to pay the entire premiums.   A lot of employers are utilizing part time employees, the part time employees are usually not qualified for benefits, like health insurance. This is very unfortunate for these part timer’s not only because they will not get benefits such as health insurance, but also they probably have a slim chance of going full time because of the health insurance dilemma. Business owner’s need to assess what is good for them financially, and having plenty of part time employees who do not require insurance is probably the most cost effective method to keep the Business up and running.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  An option for folks who have no money is Medicaid. Medicaid is designed for the very poor people. Unfortunately you must meet Medicaid guidelines in order to be eligible for it. â€Å"In order to be eligible you must make below the poverty level that the government allows, this is about $1,497 a month for a single person, also if you are a child who is under 19, if you are pregnant, if you are out of work for a long time, or if you are HIV positive, you may be eligible to apply.† These guidelines alone generally rule out many of Americans. â€Å"The U.S. Census reported young adults (18-to-24 years old) remained the least likely of any age group to have health insurance in 2001.† More than 28% of this group does not have coverage.

Saturday, October 12, 2019

Computers in Surgery :: Informative

Computers in Surgery Implementing Computers into surgery is a new and exciting area of study. It has only been in the past 20 years that computers have started to be incorporated with surgery. In 1989, abstracts of the surgical literature were being distributed on 5.25-inch floppy disks. These abstracts were then used in medical operations and evaluations. Doctors could travel though menus in the abstracts and eventually targeting a solution, procedure, or cause of illnesses. This made the time it takes to flip through pages and pages of medical journals and textbooks less expansive and cumbersome. Doctors have now gotten to the point where laptops are brought into surgery and are used to aid doctors and nurses. Instead of saying â€Å"Nurse, scalpel,† surgeons ask their nurses to find information on the laptops. Besides holding information, Computers can also be used to manipulate tools and other things in the operating room. Mechanical arms are often used to perform procedures. Sometimes a computer is used to navigate cameras inside of the human body in order to locate tumors and blockages. Computers are also used to analyze images taken before surgery. Dr. Ninian Peckitt uses software to analyze a CAT scan images in order to understand his patient’s skull. The program in the computer actually directions for making full size replicas of patients heads. In conclusion, there is a huge advancement being made as far as computer aided surgeries go. From holding information, analyzing problems, delivering solutions, to performing operations, computers are the next step in medical tools.

Friday, October 11, 2019

Annotated Bibliography on Global Warming

Giacomo Real ENG 1302 Comp. & Rhet. II Professor Kamm Monday & Wednesday 7PM – 8:15PM Annotated Bibliography & Essay Annotated Bibliography on Global Warming: Fact or Fiction Fumento, Michael. â€Å"The Cooling Off on Global Warming. † The Washington Times 8 July 1999: 15. LexisNexis Academic . Academic Universe. W. I. Dykes Lib. , University of Houston-Downtown. 20 Feb. 2010 http://www. lexisnexis. com. ezproxy. uhd. du/hottopics/lnacademic/ Fumento explains that a nonprofit group called Public Agenda and American Geophysical Union (AGU) has reported on public frustration about global warming and other pollutants. This report shows significant decline in many pollutants and about 50% drop on global warming in the mid to late 20th century. The author state how Americans are growing tired of political jargon about global warming and other contributing pollutants.This feeling amongst Americans stem from the constant blame game that is in place to explain natur al/manmade disasters like heat waves and hurricanes to name a few. The author claims that Vice President Al Gore is a peddler or contributor in the blame of environmental events to global warming. There is scientific fact that has collectively convinced thousands of scientists to declare that the human race is not the cause of global warming. â€Å"Global Warming and Other Eco-Myths: How the Environmental Movement Uses False Science to Scare Us to Death. Future Survey 25. 9 (2003): 5-6. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. W. I. Dykes Lib. , University of Houston-Downtown. 21 Feb. 2010 http://web. ebscohost. com. ezproxy. uhd. edu/ehost/detail? vid=7&hid=111&sid=3a458492-42fe-4e5d-b278-814ea690813e%40sessionmgr111&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=a9h&AN=11133714 The editor state that there are a plethora of books, research, articles, and writings that business ventures to scare people into myths and false accounts that global warming in manmade.The author presents certain books that exclaim the cause and effects of global warming and different steps and developments needed to combat this ideological environmentalism. Simultaneously, the author is stating sources that disprove these myths and show how this is a political stunt by interest groups attempting to capitalize on global warming. Houston, Frank, and John Wallace. â€Å"Covering the Climate: Beware of False Conflict. † Columbia Journalism Review 38. 6 (2000): 52. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. W. I. Dykes Lib. , University of Houston-Downtown. 1 Feb. 2010 https://ezproxy. uhd. edu/login? url=http://search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=true&db=a9h&AN=2892603&site=ehost-live Frank Houston interviewed John Wallace to help better understand political journalist, scientific journalist, and misconceptions/accuracies portrayed by these journalistic interpretations of scientist findings and articles. Houston asked a series of questions which confirms that there are m any discrepancies in the media with as there is genuine reporting’s on global warming.Wallace refers to many reporters that have actually reported true and sincere finding and many other blunders that have created fear within many scientists in presenting their finding due to the irreversible damage done with false or obscure reporting. Finally, was answered by Wallace on the global warming issue that states historical fact that there are conflicting measurements and reports that global warming/global cooling is happening. The answer was interesting by far by Wallace because there seems to be some truth to the global warming effect but there is a matter of debate on weather man is/is not responsible.Kay, Jonathan. â€Å"Cold facts. (Cool It: The Skeptical Environmentalist's Guide to Global Warming By Bjorn Lomborg). †   Commentary. 125. 1 (Jan 2008): 60(4). Opposing Viewpoints Resource Center. Gale. W. I. Dykes Lib. , University of Houston – Downtown. 22 Feb. 2010. http://find. galegroup. com. ezproxy. uhd. edu/ovrc/infomark. do? &contentSet=IAC-Documents&type=retrieve&tabID=T002&prodId=OVRC&docId=A173150742&source=gale&userGroupName=txshracd2590&version=1. 0 Johnson, Paul. â€Å"The Real Way to Save the Planet. American Spectator 43. 1 (2010): 40-41. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. W. I. Dykes Lib. , University of Houston-Downtown. 17 Feb. 2010 https://ezproxy. uhd. edu/login? url=http://search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=true;amp;db=a9h;amp;AN=47900836;amp;site=ehost-live Paul Johnson begins his article by explaining scientific theory and a popular philosopher by the name of Karl Popper. In a nutshell Johnson explains Poppers 2 points that discredits all notions of the human race being the key proponents that has caused global warming.Johnson also points out how interest groups and well paid lobbyist are continually fighting the good fight in congress and the media to get the word out. The auth or also states how the definition of global warming has now expanded to include any and every weather disturbance, change, irregularity, and spontaneity. The main goal of Johnson is to let people know that scientific theory according to Karl Popper proves that global warming is false and the media has staged a deceptive lie that the human race is responsible for these phenomena.Taranto, James. â€Å"Peer Pressure. † American Spectator 43. 1 (2010): 54-55. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. W. I. Dykes Lib. , University of Houston-Downtown. 22 Feb. 2010 https://ezproxy. uhd. edu/login? url=http://search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=true;amp;db=a9h;amp;AN=47901090;amp;site=ehost-live James Taranto argues that global warming is a farce and that many scientists have compromised their ethics and tainted the peer review process to appease global warming fanatics.Taranto discusses an editorial at the Guardian, a left-wing daily publication that support and protect the concept a nd validity of global warming. The author also reveals thousands of emails sent by climatologist scandalous proving the notion of man-made global warming. Taranto also writes how this theory of man-made global warming has infected many media outlets worldwide. The authors goal is to prove how the peer review process has been compromised, and how the media, and politicians protect this outlandish farce of global warming cause by humanity.

Thursday, October 10, 2019

Instability, Ambiguity and Errors in the Communication Process Essay

Subjectivity and duality are linked pitfalls of the communication process. Limitations in the power of expression, constraints imposed by circumstances, social conventions and the desire to keep intentions covert, all contribute to people saying, writing and signaling thoughts and ideas that may be at variance from the whole truth. The effects of such shortcomings are magnified by matching limitations on the part of the individual or the group which is the object of communication. Since context is fluid, communication may cease to be relevant, even when conveyed and received with great clarity and accuracy. Thus the communication process can be no more durable than inevitable changes in perceptions, situations and aims. Mayhew (2002, p 3) has emphasized the essential nature of communication as a means of maintaining dialogue in modern society, and in order to resolve various shades of opinion that evolve on all issues of common concern. The element of instability may not arise from the communication process alone, but may be integral to the environment in which communication takes place (Windahl, Signitzer and Olson, 1992, p219). We cannot always blame communication for the instability in which it is forced to operate). An element of instability is almost inevitable in any communication that is not static. Communication instability can have roots in changing agenda of the encoder, media, noise and the through the intellectual evolution of the decoder as well. The term instability should be seen in communication terms without any necessarily negative connotation. The aspect of instability should also serve to warn encoders that their rivals as well ass noise may undermine their influence at any time. Communicators, for this reason, can never rest! High issue turnover sustain audience interest; excess stability can lead to boredom and even annoyed changes of perception. Errors may arise not just from encoding and decoding, but from noise. Noise may even add to the value and merits of information compared to the original transmission. Noise is an important source of errors in communication, whether perceived as beneficial or harmful (Shannon and Weaver, 1963, p19). Communication free of errors is utopian, and should be accepted in a positive spirit. Sensitivity to feedback and the ability to respond appropriately in terms of speed and modification are meaningful defenses against the inevitable and even at times useful errors that are part of the communication process. Windahl, Signitzer and Olson (1992, p205) also give the ambiguity of communication a utilitarian hue, by referring to the effect of political and other campaigns in the media, that spur people to search for additional information and even to action, based on the questions and curiosity that such ambiguity can arouse. Ambiguity can be used with good effect by skilled communicators. Many advertising campaigns, for example, may fail to meet set marketing objectives, if they present comprehensive and defined information in pedantic manner: intended targets may receive such communication and respond with inaction. Ambiguity can also help to attract attention in a situation full of noise. The onerous task of acquiring effective communication skills can be a thankless one, for its benefits and effects may be muddied by a lack of matching abilities on the part of the intended audience. A productive approach may be to study, mimic and adapt to the communication foibles of the other party, many disadvantages of language and customs as this may imply. Difficulties and obstacles to effective communication do nothing to undermine the importance and the value of related skills, difficult as they are to practice and to use. Communication ability, on the contrary, often becomes the deciding vote between success and failure, between victory and defeat, and between peaceful resolution and destructive violence, in all kind of transactions between individuals and groups. It is a means of intellectual distinction and of influence over the affairs of people at large. Signaling, Signification and the Code Model Signaling serves many important purposes in communication. A signal succinctly conveys a notion that may take many words and a long time to explain in normal language. A signal also bears the stamp of independent certification, thus endorsing a person or a view with the stamp of authentic authority. Finally, signals support obvious communication, supporting the overt message in subtle manner. An educational qualification, a professional or a social association and employment with an illustrious organization, are examples of signals and their benefits. We may presume to think that Mayhew is uncharitable in declaring that signaling is born in the assumption that others may not be honest during the communication process (2002, p 124). It would not be possible for any meaningful dialogue to take place within a reasonable period, if we had to communicate without signals. Signaling is also a valid response to the manner in which human minds function and form opinions. Signaling adds to the retention of communication, and thereby serves to fight competing communication and noise as well. Signification is a more basic aspect of communication than signaling, and one that is free of any implied criticism as we find with Mayhew. Signification relates to meaning. It has a valid base, since professional linguists can decide for us, the label value of each term. This does not mean that signification is elementary of free of controversy. Syntax and poor language ability can easily and commonly results in signification errors. The latter are especially common in verbal communication, especially in hasty situations when people cannot think as quickly and completely as they may be instigated to communicate. Signification capability improves with practice, and the most accomplished of people from all fields other than communication, may use spokespeople and writers to communicate better than their own powers of signification may allow. Artful changes of signification add to the elegance of communication (Silva Rhetoricae, 2002). Tropes and figures of speech are examples of some desirable changes in signification that may be used to enhance the value of communication. Signification is inseparable from the Code Model. Signification gives form and valid substance to the Code. However, all people may not be familiar with the formal dictionary meanings of words, which lead to communication errors in coding and decoding. Communication as a Means of Social Representation and Extension It is critical to the integrity of communication that practitioners distinguish between engaging others in dialogue, and the unethical tendency to exert overpowering influence on others. Differences in language abilities can become tools to impose on passive subjects in a manner that destroys individual freedom, and undermines development. Freire has recognized the power of literacy as a means of social development. Extension is not limited to mere transmission of messages, but maintenance of society over time; it has played key roles in impart and use of modern technologies and in achieving major changes in social behavior (Windahl, Signitzer and Olson 1992, pps 7 and 130). However, there are a number of casual settings in which extension objectives may degrade in to efforts to wield undue influence on the thought processes of others. It is therefore important to restrict extension efforts to facts that have strong foundations in evidence, though many communicators are not bound by such ethics. Mayhew has acknowledged the power of communication as used by people who seek to wield influence over others with whom they have affiliation and ties (2002, p 74). The communication process has the potential to induce desirable social change, but this should be through the path of developing strong conceptual abilities on an egalitarian basis. Social objectives can be undermined when education is either restricted or restrictive, thus giving some individuals superior signification abilities. This can prove to be especially manipulative when individuals with positional and resources strengths arm themselves with communication skills as well. The dangers of abuse of communication skills are as potentially deleterious in extension activities as they are in social representation within closely-knit groups of peers. However, the element of trust is likely to be much higher in an extension context, because of which the manipulation potential is also magnified. Widespread and uniform literacy with the ability for unrestrained critical thought is the only stable and durable way of preventing socially harmful and exploitative use of communication. This is the core value of Freire’s contribution to oppressed people everywhere. Pitfalls of Coding and Decoding The conversion of thoughts in to words and signs, and their translation by an audience, relate to the core and very delicate part of communication. The formation of words and signs to denote thoughts is the process of encoding, whereas the reverse by an audience is called decoding. Many of the processes of semiotics lie outside the conscious realm; they are also limited by the degree of literacy and facility with language. The processes of encoding and decoding are therefore fraught with dangers of errors and manipulation as well. The transport model of communication postulates the existence of a medium to convey thoughts from one individual to another, or between groups. Such a medium may vary in its degree of transparency, and can affect the veracity of decoding encoded messages. Distortion is also possible at the stage of encoding itself. The preferred meanings that we may wish to attach to words and signals are major instruments of errors in signal engineering. Such changes may also be intentional as in situations of propaganda. Judicious and deliberate encoding, as well as reflective and literate decoding, are some essential features for constructive dialogue, free of transport deficiencies. This is somewhat utopian in semiotic terms, and recognized as inevitable distortion, though it may vary widely in degree and differ by way of intent. A full understanding of the processes of encoding, decoding and use of media is crucial for the understanding of many contemporary phenomena in the worlds of social development, political evolution and industrial psychology. Mayhew has recognized its integral role in modern politics (2002, p 249). Accurate encoding and semantic decoding hold the keys to errors that even redundancy cannot substitute (Shannon and Weaver, 1963, pps 26, 71). They are therefore instrumental in effective communication, and in preventing both unintended misunderstandings and intentional noise that may be interjected in the system. Discourse and Miscommunication Sustained communication, as in a discourse, naturally multiplies encoding and decoding errors. Such a process lays the basis for basic and seemingly insurmountable misunderstandings. Edward Said has used the perception of the Orient (or the Middle East, which was his principal concern,) as an example of a misconception being perpetuated by a process of sustained discourse. Distortions that arise from discourse arise principally because individuals and groups have designated sources of information on which they depend, to decode information about entities and subjects of which they have no first-hand experience. Style is not an optional feature of discourse, because ideas cannot be communicated effectively without a degree of ornamentation (Silva Rhetoricae, 2002). Differences in styles used by encoders on the one hand, and styles to which decoders are accustomed on the other, may affect the integrity of the communications process. Mayhew has presented the same concepts as Said in the business light of Advertising, Market Research and Public Relations (2002, p206). Here, style variations may be used intentionally in discourse to affect perceptions and basic decoding processes. The manipulation of public opinion on a variety of matters through structured communication is a significant weapon of both politicians and business people. It is an important industrial application of communication skills. Commentators such as Edward Said have lamented the abuse of communication potential to create misrepresentations and distortions of public perception. Some parties may be excluded from parts of a discourse, which leads to misunderstandings, as they are not privy to the same facts, opinions and other inputs (Windahl, Signitzer and Olson1992, p 149). This is another insidious aspect of the potential for discourse to affect the realization of truth by large numbers of people with no direct access to undistorted facts. Literacy, common facility with language, equal access to transparent media and the ability for critical appraisal of issues, are certain safeguards against misrepresentation and unintentional errors in discourse and other forms of communication. Primary education and literacy for deprived adults are therefore essential tools for those who aim for egalitarianism and justice in the field of communication. Propaganda and more Ethical Forms of Influence Propaganda is marked by a unitary objective to encode and transmit, over-riding noise, feedback and any other form of influence on the transmission process (Windahl, Signitzer and Olson, 1992, p 91). It is a feature of many attempts at the business function of public relations by large organizations. Propaganda sees the decoder as a virtually passive object, who seems to have no rights to their own opinions, much less the universal access to factual information! Propaganda is ineffective in literate circumstances, and can prove to be counter-productive, through loss of trust. Propaganda favors mass media such as television that can deliver quick results and which traditionally discourage or disable feedback mechanisms in the short-term (Windahl, Signitzer and Olson, 1992, p 154). Exhibitions and exchanges are examples of relatively ‘slow’ media that do not lend themselves to propaganda aims. National aims are often touted as justification for propaganda. Though propaganda has some negative decoding in the public mind, it is in essence putting forward an idea with a certain agenda. Mayhew seems to acknowledge the authenticity of using eloquence to reinforce some ideas (2002, p 47). Professionally therefore, propaganda should not be seen as less or different than the related processes of propagation and diffusion, though the latter operates more at the informal and individual level. Much of Edward Said’s problems with the Occidental perception of Palestine could be seen in retrospect, as degrees of propaganda, propagation and diffusion. Rumors stand apart, for they lack the foundations in facts, and they often generate from sources that lack authority. Rumors always remain below the surface, and do not appear in official and open forms of communication. This does not mean that rumors lack potency; rather they can be even more damaging than propaganda in shaping public opinion. The insidious circulation of rumors is especially effective when overt communication transactions are lacking. Diffusion is one of the most professional means available for sanguine communicators ((Windahl, Signitzer and Olson, 1992, p 57). Though it is a slow process, it has the benefit of durability and leads to long-term credibility of the best communicators. Diffusion uses a two-step process as a model and networking. Diffusion can produce revolutionary changes in opinions and habits, albeit in very phased and gradual manner. Diffusion suits those with long-term communication goals. It is a valid counterfoil to the bluster of propaganda. How Trust Fosters Successful Communication There can be no effective communication without degrees of faith and reliance. Decoding errors are more likely if the degree of trust in an encoder is low. Trust may be born in authority, but communication is more durable if the dependence is based on shared values and good experiences. Encoders have therefore to bear in mind that a single reason for loss of trust can very quickly result in a breakdown of communication that has been built over a long period. The most enduring communication campaigns, both in politics and commerce, are born in consistent support of espoused causes. Mayhew has said that even rhetoric is based on trust (2002, p 14). Mayhew is critical of some nuances of trust in communications, as it can be abused by encoders to prevent full discourse and to evade accountability. Social development depends in large measure on the trust that people have in communication from agents of change. This is a major challenge for state media and also for international agencies that wish to make impacts on communities in emerging nations, and in the aftermath of natural disasters and after times of distress. Support for new developments in technology may also be hampered by the lack of trust in the minds of lay public for sources of such information that are viewed as being biased. The aspect of trust presents special challenges in the new field of Internet communication, where the intended audience may have no direct experience with the sources of such information. We may conclude by stressing the invaluable role of trust in communication. As Mayhew has observed, solidarity depends on interdependence rather than uniformity; people will look for alternate encoders if they lose trust in established sources of information (2002, p 16). Windahl, Signitzer and Olson have repeatedly stressed the vital role of trust in various phases of the communication process (1992, pps 55, 62, 88, 103). The Motivating Force of Communication in Social Influence We learn from history that the force of communication is more sustained and influential than the use of force. The latter may produce some transient compliance, but only consistent advocacy can succeed in shaping and changing opinion. This concept applies in equal measures for both individual thought and for group action. The quality of signification in terms of its suitability for the intended audience, the peripheral support of signals and the consistent of transport across all available media, contribute to the motivating power of communication. People are known to undertake the most heroic and other forms of extreme action, under the influence of effective communication. Mayhew draws our attention to how governments use professionals from the world of advertising to try and wield influence over banks of voters (2002, p 7). Communication backed by appropriate media, can steer people towards forceful and aimed action. However, Mayhew warns that the persuasive power of communication can be misleading (2002, p 129). There is the important distinction at this stage, between factual statements, which are neutral, statements of identification that promote solidarity, and thereby appeal to irrational reaches of the decoding mind. Mayhew stresses the creative use of rhetoric to move people to action (2002, 129). The communication process may use inventive sentences with the intention to deceive. The influential power of communication may therefore be devoid of ethical merit. This cannot, unfortunately, detract from its efficacy! The power of communication campaigns to move large groups towards concerted action is a dangerous weapon amongst people who are unable to decode messages accurately, and who cannot reflect critically on the inputs to which they are subject. Such distortions are often more clear in retrospect than during the heat of a campaign. Motivation on issues beyond rational thought, such as related to religion, and on matters for which common people have no way of unbiased validation, as before war, are especially harmful in their immense powers. Contradictory Balances of Deception and Cooperation in Communication Models Communication models trace the flow of interaction between two entities. They serve both to understand the process and to determine strategies. All models must have the three universal components of sender, receiver and medium or channel. Early communication models depicted the process in linear manner from source and encoder to a receiver through a channel and a decoding procedure. Sources of noise were the only sides to this simplistic straight line. We know now that communication involves feedback, and is therefore a complex and non-linear process. The relative roles of deception and cooperation will not change depending upon the chosen model, for the latter is only a conceptual representation of a unitary reality. The game begins with the initiator of a communication. He or she has the discretion to use a valid source, or to pretend to have one. This person must be both skilled and committed to accurate encoding, and should know which channels and how many to use at each point in time. The initiator has also to be sensitive to feedback and to adapt subsequent transactions accordingly. Cooperation lies largely in the domain of the recipient, decoding as best as he or she can, and reflecting critically on inputs, with meaningful feedback and requests for supporting evidence. Mayhew has noted the role of deception in advertising campaigns as a 20th century phenomenon (2002, p 193). The endorsement of cigarettes by celebrities has been cited as the most powerful and terrifying of all deceptions used by the media. Interpersonal cooperation, on the other hand is a way of establishing relevance (2002, p 12). We may conclude that cooperation is a key factor in intimate communication between individuals, whereas deception works most effectively in campaigns conducted through the media. Brevity and Verbosity Feedback often instigates verbosity. Redundancy may be rooted in assumptions about the conceptual and decoding capabilities of an audience, or in excessive enthusiasm in a point of view. Propaganda aims may require repetition beyond the requirements of more neutral and virtuous communication. However, feedback may provide a justifiable reason for verbosity. They is a natural tendency to repeat oneself, as in a selling situation in which the customer appears unconvinced or even distracted. Verbosity also serves to allay anxieties of encoders and communicators. The imperative to succeed as when seeking financial succor or support, for example may bring forth a torrent of words far more voluminous than an audience may desire. Begging is an extreme form of communication in which brevity can be counter-productive! A more serious limitation of brevity is its ability to serve a multiplicity of communication objectives. Professional advertisers would love for their industrial clients to limit the number of points they want to convey; paying clients may be greedy and so involved with their brands, that they require a unitary buying benefit to be presented in as many ways as possible! We may conclude that verbosity is a failing of amateurs; it is shunned by the best communicators, who treasure the transport of concepts with as few signals as possible. However, amplification may be considered as a good reason for a degree of the stylistic vice that is verbosity (Silva Rhetoricae, 2002). Semiotics can reduce the tendency to be verbose, especially between homogenous groups which are accustomed to communicating with each other. The development of trust is also efficacious in keeping communication as brief as possible, without sacrificing completeness. Verbosity can therefore be an indicator of the lack of trust and of wide chasms between the cultural and linguistic preferences of people. This could be a reason for the long-windedness from which bodies such as the General Assembly of the United Nations seem to suffer! A Pragmatic Approach to Semiotics Communication Science, Semiotics and other Cognitive Processes cannot be seen in isolation of each others. Professional communicators and professional enthusiasts of the process have been accused by many commentators of exaggeration to the point of exclusion of necessary attendants (Windahl, Signitzer, Olson, 1992, p 18). Semiotics has always had a major role in communication theory, and modern users of mass media have heaped increasing loads of importance of this branch of insight in to human minds). Semiotics is an exact and an exacting field of endeavor, and its rigors can easily prove irrelevant to some sections of a heterogeneous audience. Focused targeting on sharply defined segments can make better sense of semiotics in communication, but real life often demands that a single transaction of a communications process necessarily reaches out to a diverse audience. The Chairman of a business Corporation has to bear in mind that the public use of semiotics may lead to varying degrees of decoding errors by categories of stakeholders with contradictory goals. Employees, vendors, regulators, investors and competitors will respond to a set of semiotics in different ways. The effect of semiotics on the enemy places an even greater burden on spokespeople of the warring sides and on political leaders of all shades of opinion. Pragmatism must often dominate semiotics in real life, especially when unitary signification is within the reach of diverse decoders, each with their own needs and objectives. Effective communication is rare if the social and cultural nuances of linguistics are discarded in the interests of semiotic perfection. The latter does not have many universal manifestations in any case. Pragmatic perlocution is often the result of a communicative action, though other forms of decoding could be considered as valid (Eco, 1978, p 65). Such pragmatism may be born out of the exigencies of a situation, apart from cultural distinctiveness of decoding. Communicative Action and Perlocution Locution refers to the uttered word, illocution to the intention behind the communication, and perlocution refers to the effect of locution in terms of producing action (Cutting, 2003, p 16). Speech Act theory refers to the relationships between and the sequences of illocution, locution and perlocution. Locution, illocution and perlocution are integral parts of communication. Illocution is the first step, as we cannot have any communicative action shorn of some intention. Locution can reflect illocution only to the extent that the encoder is literate and careful in signaling. Perlocution skills are similar to those of locution, except that they relate to the decoder, rather than to the originator of the communicative action. Communicative action and perlocution are therefore only the signification of the communicative process in codes that are not widely understood! Nevertheless, they serve to display the communication process in analytical light for the professional and for the enthusiast as well. Adianoeta are examples of signification in which signification can have authentic differences in perlocution (Silva Rhetoricae, 2002). Allegory and irony are related techniques of transmitting ideas and of attracting attention and exerting influence over perceptions. However stylistic vices are also inherent in many aspects of communicative action. Most communicative action will suffer from some bias or even error due to illocution on the part of encoders, their locative powers and the perlocution abilities of individual members of a diverse audience. Speech acts are limited by culture (Cutting, 2003, p 21). The use of words and their meanings have major differences across countries, and sometimes between ethnic groups in a single nation. A compliment within the confines of a community may be taken as insulting in another! This is a drawback of the Speech Act theory. Â  Colloquialisms and figures of speech that gradually creep in to everyday language as used by the laity can render the Speech Act irrelevant to some extent. The pedantic meanings of words can vary from common perceptions that evolve over time. Most communities prefer to accord precedence to such conventions over original root meanings. Therefore the use of the Speech Act to analyze real life communication processes may be prone to debilitating errors. Many expressions of feedback also fall outside the purview of the Speech Act, because decoding is at variance from the purist line. Finally, the Speech Act is deficient to analyze precisely communication that includes incomplete sentences. The latter are normal reactions to feedback that communicators receive during the course of discourse and dialogue. Incomplete sentences may also be used to create drama, humor, sarcasm and intimacy. Communicators have to be sensitive to the perlocution results of target audiences, and to adapt their locative techniques accordingly. Some errors may be due to the medium, and it takes long years of experience, with consummate instinct to distinguish between various possible sources of error that lead to unplanned communicative action. Similarly, perlocuters have to be wary of differences between expressed locution, distortions of media and noise and the true illocution of an encoder. Such potential errors are easier to manage over time and with repeated communicative transactions. Concluding Remarks Communication is a complex but universal and essential part of human life as a social species. It is shared by people with many earlier forms of life, but probably most evolved and certainly best understood within the context of our own cognitive abilities. Variations of signification lie at the deepest root of many communication errors. A universal lexicon, as used to some extent in the enunciation of law, serves to improve the accuracy of communication to an extent where independent and binding resolution of differences is possible. Opacity of media and environmental noise are common and highly significant sources of distortions and errors in the communication process. They are often clearer in review mode than during actual operation, whereas hidden aspects of illocution are more difficult to uncover without ambiguity. Linear models of communication are as ineffective as they are archaic. The roles of feedback and noise are essential elements of any template of productive and desirable communication. However the linear force of propaganda can be stunning when used with unbalanced force on groups of people with low literacy levels. Politics, relationships between nations and branding of industrial goods and professional services are the most powerful and remunerative applications of communication theories, though the process is relevant to all interaction between individuals. Communications have been used to subjugate people, imposing pervasive influence over perceptions and opinions of large groups of people with inferior literacy, comprehension and analytical skills. Equal access to quality primary education is therefore a primary weapon of mass empowerment. Communication skills, not just for encoders, but for decoders as well, are potent though non-violent shields against pernicious propaganda by vested interests of the elite. There is a need for more widespread appreciation of the role and nature of communication. The validity of some key theories and the efficacy of painstakingly developed techniques are adversely affected by imbalances between parties in a communication process. Pragmatism often wins the day against the elegance of semiotics and related disciplines. Diffusion based on valid and factual inputs, respectful of feedback, is a certain and virtuous, if slow means to eminent communication. Cultural and linguistic differences between people are the most important obstacles to utopian states of communication; the development, maintenance and reinforcement of mutual trust are amongst the most reliable facilitators of ideal communication between individuals and between groups as well. References Cutting, J 2003, Pragmatiics and Discourse, Routledge (UK) Eco, U 1978, A Theory of Semiotics, p 65, Indiana University Press Mayhew, LH 2002, The New Public: Professional Communication and the Means of Social Influence, Cambridge University Press Windahl, S, Signitzer, B, and Olson JT, 1992, Using Communication Theory, Sage Publications Incorporated Shannon, CE and Weaver, W, 1963, Mathematical Theory of Communication, pps 26, 71, University of Illinois Press Silva Rhetoricae, 2002, retrieved January 2006 from